AP human geography vocab

sustainability

use of natural resources to ensure their availability in the future

GIS

a satellite based global navigation system to communicate absolute location

GPS

the process of collecting data of physical characteristics by measuring its radiation from a distance ex) instrumentation on an airplane

possibilism

environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions

remote sensing

a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data

environmental determinism

the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture

formal/uniform region

ex) houston

functional/nodal region

ex) the houston chronical newspaper

vernacular/ perceptual region

ex) the south

world regional

ex) formal region

country/rational

ex) french, mexicans

national regional

ex) healthcare, state education

local

ex) pearland, TX

brain drain

the flight of talented people away from an area

carrying capacity

the ability of a resource to sustain the population

chain migration

the process by which immigrants from one place follow others from that place to another place

crude birth rate

the number of babies born per 1,000 population

infant mortality rate

number of deaths under the age of 2 per 1,000 births

internal migration

migration within a state/country

intervening oppurtunity

positive event/ circumstance that ends a migration before reaching the intended destination

natural increase rate

CBR-CDR per thousand

net migration

the difference in the number of immigrants(in-migration) and emigrants(out-migration)

total fertility rate

number of children a woman is likely to have for her location

transhumance

migration done by pastoral nomads

Thomas Malthus Theory

partially correct- some people lack adequate amounts of food but LDCs have increased they food supply with new agricultural technology

contagious diffusion

ex) widespread fear of a roaming band of killer clowns in 2016

creole

a language formed from two other languages

cultural landscape/ built environment

the forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans; built environment

hierarchical diffusion

ex) apple invented the modern smart phone, but android controlled 80 percent of the world market

lingua franca

a common language for business purposes

relocation diffusion

ex) spanish is the fasted growing language in the United states

stimulus diffusion

ex) fashion trends may diffuse from NYC to LA, then to other large cities and lastly to smaller cities

universalizing

islam, buddhism, christianity

ethnic

hinduism, judaism

acculuration

when an ethnic group moving to a new area adopts the values of the larger group while still maintaining elements of their own culture

assimilation

happens when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the majority group

syncretism

the fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait

multiculturalism

the coexistence of several cultures in one society

choke point

ex) strait of gibraltar

nation-state

ex) japan

stateless nation

ex) the kurds, palestine

mulitnational state

ex) the UK

multistate nation

ex) korea

autonomous region

ex) hong kong

shatter belt

ex) the caucasus region

relic

ex) the great wall of china

superimposed

ex) berlin conference

subsequent

ex) UK

antecedent

ex) great lakes

geometric

ex) boundaries from africa

consequent

ex) religion/ language

enclave

an area that retains a distinction from a larger area

gerrymandering

manipulating voting boundaries for political gain

supranational organizations

african union, arctic council, ASEAN, EU, NATO, UN

CBD

high-density retail and office space; downtown

ethnic neighborhood

an urban community where people of similar origin reside, usually as a result of discrimination

new urbanism

pedestrian and bicycle-friendly neighborhoods

squatter settlements

illegal residential settlements in a developing country inhabited by rural to urban migrants

urban hierarchy

related to the level of services provided

zoning laws

local ordinances governing land use

bulk-gaining

ex) baking, automobile assembly, electronics manufacturing

bulk-reducing

ex) soft drink bottling, nickel smelting, auto parts manufacturing

primary

ex) agriculture, mining, forestry

secondary

ex) manufacturing, construction, textiles

tertiary

ex) retail, hospitality, finance

quaternary/ quinary

ex) education, research, healthcare

EU

27 european countries which shared economic goals

free trade zones

area without tarrifs

GII

measures gender inequality

IMF

works to create stable economic growth, especially in less-developed countries

mercosur

argentina, brazil, paraguay, uruguay, and venezuela

OPEC

controls much of the worlds oil trade

special economic zones

area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country

WTO

works to negotiate trade agreements

demographic transition model

a model that describes the transition of countries from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as they develop.

Gravity model

a model used to estimate the interaction between two places based on their population size and distance from each other.

Von Thunen model

a model that explains agricultural land use patterns by balancing the cost of transportation against the value of products.

Hoyt sector model

a model that proposes urban land use evolves in sectors or wedges radiating from the central business district, influenced by transportation routes.

multiple nuclei model

a model that suggests cities develop with multiple centers of activity rather than a single nucleus, each attracting different kinds of activities and populations.

Galactic city model

A model that describes urban development characterized by decentralized, sprawling structures and a reliance on automobile transportation, often featuring edge cities.

latin american city model

A model that outlines urban land use patterns in Latin American cities, characterized by a central business district surrounded by a zone of elite residential areas, contrasted with impoverished peripheral areas and a distinct grid pattern.

southeast asian model

A model that describes urban land use in Southeast Asian cities, which typically feature a central business district and are influenced by colonial patterns, relying on trade and commercial activities.

least cost model

A theory that suggests businesses will locate their production facilities in the least expensive area, considering transportation costs, labor costs, and agglomeration economies.

world systems model

A theory that categorizes countries into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations, explaining global economic dynamics and interdependence.

autonomous region

A distinct area within a country that has a high degree of self-governance and independence, often due to ethnic or cultural differences.

metacity

A highly urbanized area that extends beyond the traditional boundaries of a city, typically characterized by high population density and extensive suburban development.

megacity

A very large city, usually with a population of over 10 million, that serves as an economic, political, and cultural center.

primate city

A dominant city in a country that is significantly larger than any other city, often serving as the political, cultural, and economic hub.

rank size rule

The rank size rule is an urban theory that describes the relationship between the size of a city's population and its rank in the hierarchy of cities within a country, suggesting that the nth largest city will be 1/n the size of the largest city.

federal

a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units, like states or provinces.

unitary

a system of government in which power is concentrated in a central authority, allowing for little to no regional autonomy.

devolution

the transfer of power from a central government to regional or local governments, allowing for increased autonomy and decision-making at those levels.

suburbanization

the process by which populations move from urban areas to outskirts, leading to the growth of suburbs.

gentrification

the process of renovating and improving a neighborhood, often leading to the displacement of lower-income residents due to rising property values and living costs.

imperalism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force to control other nations or territories.

colonialism

The practice of acquiring full or partial control over another country or territory, often involving the establishment of settlers and exploiting resources for economic gain.

scale of analysis

Refers to the level of detail used in studying a geographic phenomenon, which can range from local to global.

ecological footprint

A measure of the environmental impact of an individual, community, or organization, expressed as the amount of land and water area required to produce the resources consumed and absorb the waste generated.

infrastructure