Geography - Population + Energy Security + River Rights

Census (Population)

Total number of inhabitant living in a particular area or country

Population register

A central database of all individuals living within a particular area

Demographic

A demographic is a group of people defined by shared characteristics such as age, gender, income, race/ethnicity, and geographic location.

Population density

Refers to how many people live within a defined space and is usually shown as the number of people per square kilometre

Population distribution

Refers to the pattern of where people live

Birth & Death rate

Number of live births and deaths per thousand of population per year

Infant & Child Mortality rate

Infant is the number of deaths under 1 year old, Child is under five, both are per thousand of population per year

Natural Increase

Natural Increase refers to the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a population over a specific period of time.

Demographic Transition Model (DMT)

Demographic Transition Model (DTM): The Demographic Transition Model is a theory that describes the population changes in a society over time, based on birth rates, death rates, and population growth, it is also used to analyse certain countries population.

Stage 1 DMT

Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model:

In this stage, both birth rates and death rates are high, resulting in a stable population size. This stage is characterized by pre-industrial societies with limited healthcare and high birth rates to compensate for high infant mortality rates.

Stage 2 DMT

The Stage 2 of the demographic transition model is characterized by high birth rates and declining death rates, leading to rapid population growth.

Stage 3 DMT

Stage 3 Demographic Transition Model

Stage 3 of the demographic transition model is characterized by declining birth rates due to social and economic changes, leading to a more stable population growth.

Stage 4 DMT

The Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by low birth rates and low death rates, resulting in a stable population. This stage typically occurs in developed countries with advanced healthcare and education systems.

Stage 5 DMT

Stage 5 DMT

Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by very low birth rates, very low death rates, and a declining population due to factors like advanced healthcare, education, and economic opportunities.

Population Structure

Population Structure: Population structure refers to the composition of a population in terms of age, sex, and other demographic factors. It provides insights into the distribution of individuals within different age groups and genders in a given population.

Types of structure: Population Pyramid

Expansive, Constrictive and Stationary.

Expansive

Expansive Population Pyramid Shape: An expansive population pyramid has a wide base and tapers off gradually towards the top, indicating a high birth rate and a large proportion of young individuals.

Constrictive

Constrictive Population Pyramid:A constrictive population pyramid has a narrow base and a wider top, indicating a declining population growth with fewer young individuals and more elderly people. This shape suggests a decrease in birth rates and an aging population.

Stationary

Stationary Population Pyramid: A stationary population pyramid has a roughly equal distribution of age groups, indicating a stable population with low birth and death rates. It typically resembles a rectangular shape, with similar numbers of people in each age group. This pattern signifies a balanced population structure with minimal growth or decline.

Pro-Natalist

Pro-Natalist: A pro-natalist policy or attitude encourages population growth by providing incentives for having children, such as tax benefits or parental leave.

Anti-Natalist

Anti-natalism is a philosophical position that argues against procreation, believing that bringing new life into the world is morally wrong or undesirable.

Energy Equity

Energy Equity refers to fair and just distribution of energy resources and benefits among all individuals and communities, ensuring equal access and opportunities for all to meet their energy needs.

Energy Security

Energy security refers to the availability and accessibility of an adequate, reliable, and sustainable supply of energy at reasonable prices for economic stability, growth, and development. It encompasses various aspects, including energy production, distribution, consumption, and exploration

Precipitation

Water falling as rain, sleet, snow or hail

Transpiration

Water lost from vegetation as water vapour (through pores in leaves)

Evaporation

When water chagnes into vapour and rises

Condensation

Water vapour cools and forms tiny droplets of water tored as clouds

Interception

This is the first store in the system where vegetation catches and stores water falling from the sky

Stemflow

This can then make its way to the ground by dripping from leaves or running down stems or trunks

Surface storage

Water that has fallen and is stored in lakes, ponds, puddles (etc.)

Surface runoff

Water that moves across the surface of the land due to gravity

Infiltration

This is where water is soaked in to the soil from the surface

Soil Moisture storage

Where the water is stored in the soil

Through flow

This is where water moves laterally through soil

Percolation

Where water moves from the soil to the bedrock (groundwater)

Groundwater storage

Where water is stored in the bedrock (aquifers). Where majority of usable water is from

Groundwater Flow

Where water moves through bedrock laterally

Watershed

The area of high land forming the edge of a river basin

Source

Where a river begins

Mouth

Where a river meets the sea / ends

Confluence

The point where two rivers meet

Tributary

a small river or stream that joins a large river (50-100)

Channel

Where a river flows

Drainage basin

The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

ETD

Erosion, Transportation, Deposition

Erosion

The wearing away of material

Transportation

The movement of material

Deposition

The dropping of material

Attrition

When smaller rocks which are carried along the river knock and bounce into each other, this breaks the rocks into smaller and more smooth rocks.

Abrasion

When pebbles grind along the riverbank and bed. As they scrape along, the cause the riverbed and bank to wear away

Solution

This occurs as the water dissolves more alkaline rocks such as limestone. These rocks are dissolved into the water and then carried along the water solution.

Hydraulic Action

AS water hits the riverbed and bank, air becomes trapped in cracks in the rock which expands these cracks causing the rock to wear away.

Cross Profile

View of valley from one side to another

River Meander

Bend in a river that is formed over time through combined processes of erosion and deposition

How are they formed

Key Points

• Happenes when approaching middle course of river