Comparative A&P Exam Study guide

Invertebrates have specialized tendons that help with molting.

True 😉

What is the direct unit of energy used by muscle fibers?

ATP

What muscle tissue is voluntary?

Skeletal

A Greek letter shaped like a triangle is used to name which muscle?

Deltoid

Muscle contraction begins when the muscle is stimulated by a  ________1_______.  This signal is quickly transmitted through  _______2________, which penetrate into the interior of the cell.  In response, the  ___________3_____ releases  ______4_________ ions, which initiate muscle contraction.  

1. Motor neuron

2. T-tubules

3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

4. calcium

Muscle contraction occurs when thick protein filaments called  _____5__________ form connections with thinner protein filaments called ___6_____________.  The thinner filaments are   ______7_______ by the thicker filaments.  This changes the appearance of the muscle by  ________8________ its length and  ________9________ its diameter at the muscle belly.

5. Myosin

6. Actin

7. pulled inwards

8. decreasing

9. increasing

The serratus muscle is primarily named according to its

shape

Label the image by dragging the name of the structure to its correct part.

1.Epimysium

2. Perimysium

3. fascicle

4. Muscle fiber

5. Myofibril

6.Endomysium

7. Blood vessels

Muscles

must cross at least one joint.

This is an image of...

Skeletal muscle tissue

What is NOT a function of the muscular system?

Circulation

What phase is where actin and myosin create tension?

Contraction Phase

Which of the following is not true of skeletal muscle cells?

They undergo mitosis following an intense workout.

At what point during a twitch does the muscle achieve maximum tension?

Between the contraction phase and relaxation phase

A tendon…

attaches muscle to bone

Which type of joint has the least range of motion

Fibrous

Which is an example of a hinge joint?

Femur and tibia

The arms and legs are part of what skeleton?

Appendicular

This is a diagram of a synovial joint between two bones.  What is in the structure indicated by letter “B”?

Synovial membrane

Which one is not a function of the skeletal system in humans

Circulation

The epiphyseal plate.

Which image is from a female, left or right?

Right

Legless lizards are not without legs. Instead, the legs are:

Vestigial

Which bone lacks a medullary cavity, and has a protective function?

A

Which is a short bone?

D

Which bone(s) would be classified as part of the axial skeleton? (Mark all that apply)

A & B

 The fetal skull has a few sutures that are much wider, called.

Fontanels

Label the image with the correct structures.

A, B, C, and D

A. Osteon

B. Central Canal

C. Periosteum

D. Lamellae

Bone development proceeds

towards the two epiphysis.

Which of these is not a difference between an embryonic and an adult skeleton?

Adult bones contain a greater proportion of hyaline cartilage compared to bone tissue.

Which of these is not found within or on the diaphysis?

Red bone marrow

Arthropods have which type of skeleton?

Exoskeleton

What are sinuses?

Hollow bones with thin plates between them that drain fluids

The hyoid bone is the only bone that does not form a joint with any other bone.

True

Which is a sesamoid bone?

E

I: Occipital Bone

F: Parietal Bone

J: Temporal bone

B: Frontal Bone

D: Maxilla

E: Mandible

Two types of cells are found in bone tissue: osteoblasts and osteoclasts.  Which would be more active if blood calcium levels were low and the body needed to dissolve some bone tissue?

Osteoclasts

 In anatomical terminology, "anterior" is synonymous with:

Ventral

What type of symmetry would you expect to find in a sea anemone?

Radial

The dorsal body cavity is divided into which two main cavities?

Cranial and spinal cavities

The cranial cavity houses which vital organ?

Brain

Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?

Thoracic cavity

What is the correct sequence in the hierarchy of organization from smallest to largest?

Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues

What does the prefix "endo" contribute to the meaning of "endoskeleton"?

Inside

The root "flex" means:

Bend

 The root word "digesta" means:

To separate

The arms are lateral to the chest. Lateral means:

On each side

Which cavity contains the stomach, liver, and most of the intestines?

Abdominal cavity

The knee can be found in the inferior part of the body. Inferior means:

Below the head

According to the hierarchy of organization, the atom is the smallest.

True

Ventral means: (choose all that apply)

1. Toward the belly

2. Toward the front of the body

Which of the following is NOT a subdivision of the ventral cavity?

Spinal cavity

The heart is superior to the diaphragm. Superior means:

Above

Which of the following best describes radial symmetry?

The body can be divided into equal parts through multiple planes passing through a central axis

The pelvic cavity primarily contains:

Bladder and reproductive organs

The term for an imaginary plane that cuts the body in half along a horizontal line.

Transverse

Which statement about body cavities is correct?

The ventral cavity includes thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions

What is bilateral symmetry in organisms?

When an organism can be divided into equal halves through only one plane

The modern nervous system gets its name from the root word "nervus," which originally meant:

Sinew

Gorilla fingers and toes are attached to palms of hands and soles of feet. The tips of fingers and toes are farther away from the point of attachment and said to be _______ in their location.

Distal

A paper cut is a ___________ wound when compared to a stab wound that causes a deep injury to the body.

Superficial

The human body is said to be symmetrical and divided into halves along an imaginary midline. Organs or structures closest to this midline are said to be __________in their location.

Medial

What is the root word meaning "tool" that is commonly used to form words related to living structures and bodily parts?

 Org(a)

Which of the following is not an accessory structure.?

Endocrine glands

What is the most common form of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma

Skin cells take ____1____ days to reach the upper most layer and they remain there for ____2____.

7 to 10; 2 weeks

Which statements are true about sebaceous glands.

1. The secrete oil to prevent the skin from drying out.

2. They glands that secrete an oil called sebum.

3. They increase their production of oil during puberty.

If you see a sign of the ABCDE's of melanoma, what is the first thing you should do?

Make an appointment with the dermatologist immediately.

Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels and nerves?

dermis

Exposure to sunlight is needed for the integumentary system to generate ______________, which is needed for absorption of ______________.

Vitamin D; Calcium

Contains epithelial cells and melanocytes.

Epidermis

Hair, sweat glands, and nails.

Accessory Structures

The cells in this layer constantly turn over, and are completely replaced every few weeks.

Epidermis

Mostly made of adipose connective tissue.

Hypodermis/ Subcutaneous

The body will often alert an individual that the liver is malfunctioning. This will present itself as what disorder?

Jaundice

Acne is the formation of pimples due to

the blockage of the sebaceous gland pores.

A dermatologist is presented with four patients that believe they may have a cancerous mole.  A picture of each mole, along with its size, is shown below.  Based on the ABCDE rule, which mole(s) would be diagnosed as possibly cancerous? 

Patient D

6mm

The _______ has fingerprints very similar to humans.

Koala

The hair that you brush and the nails that you clip are living tissues.

False

What are steps you should take to be "sun smart"? (choose all that apply).

1. Seek Shade

2. Get checked

3. wear sunglasses

Where can Melanocytes be found?

E ( F- is melanocyte)

What type of specialized cells work in conjunction with light reflective cells to produce rapid color changes

chromatophores

What is the immediate purpose of inflammation, the first stage of the integumentary repair process?

To increase flow of white blood cells to the injured area.

Place the steps in the correct order for the repair of the integument.

1. Bleeding

2. Hemostasis

3. Inflammation

4. Proliferation

5. Remodeling

Select the functions of the skin.

1. Protects from impacts

2. Prevents the escape of body fluid.

3. Protects from infections

Each stratum represents

a different stage in the life of a cell.

What is a layer that can only be found in thick skin?

B

Which layer of the skin is where tattoo ink must be deposited for it to be permanent?

Dermis ( more stable)

What layer of the skin contains layers of areolar and adipose tissue with many fat cells.

Hypodermis

What type of gland is responsible for BO?

Apocrine glands

Which type of evolution occurs when unrelated organisms develop similar features due to similar environmental pressures?

Convergent evolution

What are structures that are similar in related organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor but serve different functions?

Homologous structures

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure in humans?

A. Appendix

B. Tailbone

C. Wisdom teeth

(ALL OF THE ABOVE)

The pentadactyl limb is studied in comparative anatomy because it:

Demonstrates homologous structures across vertebrates

 In comparative anatomy, analogous structures are

Similar structures serving the same function in unrelated organisms

The wings of a bat and a bird are examples of:

Homologous structures

 What type of structures are present but no longer serve their original function?

Vestigial structures

The study of comparative anatomy helps demonstrate:

Evidence for evolution

 Parallel evolution refers to:

Similar traits developing in related species

 Why is Shoshanna, the Zebra Finch, more closely related to humans than Gordon the plant?

Because both have heterotrophic nutrition and mobility