Children, Aging, and Sex Differences in Sport & Exercise

Flashcards related to children and aging in sports and exercise.

~12

Girls typically experience their peak height velocity at approximately __ years of age.

~14.5

Boys usually reach their peak weight velocity around __ years old.

puberty, hormones

The increase in bone mineral density throughout childhood is influenced by and .

mid-teens

In girls, full bone maturity is typically achieved in the __.

18, 25

Muscle mass peaks in boys around the ages of to .

Testosterone

__ plays a key role in muscle hypertrophy, leading to more sarcomeres.

Myelination

__ is the process that leads to better coordination, balance, and reaction time in children.

BP, SV

Children have a lower and compared to adults, which they compensate for with a higher heart rate.

poor economy of effort

Due to lower cardiac output and oxygen delivery, children have __ during physical activity.

glycolytic

Children have a reduced __ capacity, limiting their anaerobic performance.

neural

In children, strength gains from training are primarily __ rather than due to hypertrophy.

economy

Aerobic training in children improves __ without necessarily changing VO2max.

neural, hypertrophy

Adolescents experience strength gains through both and adaptations.

burnout, injury

Early sports specialization can lead to __, __, and reduced lifelong activity.

thermal stress

Children are more vulnerable to __ due to a higher surface area to mass ratio and lower sweat rate.

disk compression, posture

From around age 40, height decreases due to and changes in .

decreases

After age 65, body weight typically __ due to changes in body composition.

lean mass

Sarcopenia refers to the age-related decrease in __.

osteoporosis

Decreased bone mass in older adults increases the risk of __.

strength, neural

Older adults experience a decline in and function, typically starting around ages 50-60.

Type II, size

As people age, they experience a decrease in fibers and fiber _.

VO2max

Reductions in stroke volume and maximal heart rate in older adults lead to a decreased __.

Endurance, resistance

training helps maintain function, while training counters muscle atrophy in older adults.

ADLs

Resistance training in older adults increases strength, mass, BMD, and ____.

cognition, fall and disease

Physical activity improves and reduces risk in older adults.

thermoregulation

Exercise improves __ in older adults, helping them better cope with thermal stress.

span, lifespan

Exercise increases health but not necessarily .

Sex, Gender

refers to biological characteristics whereas is social/cultural/psychological.

Amenorrhea

_ is characterized by low energy availability leading to to low estrogen and BMD.

RED-S

The term __ is a broader term for both sexes focusing on low energy availability.

Autoimmune Diseases

Females tend to have a higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases compared to males.

Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Men are generally at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases compared to women, especially before menopause.

Estrogen's Role in Heart Health

Estrogen plays a protective role against heart disease in premenopausal women.

Postmenopausal Heart Disease Risk

After menopause, women's risk of heart disease increases due to decreased estrogen levels.

Heart and Vessel Size

Compared to men, women often have smaller hearts and blood vessels, which can affect cardiovascular function.

Heart Disease Symptoms in Women

Women may present with different symptoms of heart disease compared to men, such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and nausea.

Men tend to accumulate