abnormal psych exam 1

Describe the different ways of defining abnormality from the perspectives of deviance-

(differen’t, extreme, unusual behaviors, thoughts, or/and emotions)

Describe the different ways of defining abnormality from the perspectives of distress-

(unpleasant and upsetting behaviors, thoughts, or/and emotions)

Describe the different ways of defining abnormality from the perspectives of dysfunction- 

(interfering with the persons ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way),

Describe the different ways of defining abnormality from the perspectives of danger-

dangerous to themself or others).

Discuss some of the difficulties of defining a person’s behavior as abnormal.

\- It varies based upon culture, societies' norms, circumstances, general criteria in society.

Describe the ways that ancient peoples  viewed and treated abnormal behavior- 

\- probably regarded abnormal behavior as the work of evil spirits, cured by Trephination and exorcism, 

Describe the ways that Greeks and Romans viewed and treated abnormal behavior-

Philosophers and physicians offered different explanations and treatments for abnormal behaviors (thought that it was the body in pain not the mental. For example yellow bile=mania, **Treatment,** Quiet life, Vegetable diet, Temperance, Exercise, Celibacy, Bleeding, Hippocrates and humors

Describe the ways that persons in the age of the Renaissance viewed and treated abnormal behavior- 

\*Johann Weyer - mind as susceptible to sickness as the body, (mind could get sick)

\*Religious shrines devoted to humane and loving treatment (Ghell)

\*Rise of asylumns; predecessor of community health programs, were good until it became overpopulated (living conditions were filthy and down right abusive) 

\*Bethlehem Hospital - sounded like "bedlam" when said quickly, which came to be known as chaotic uproar, (wanted to confine them instead of helping)

Describe moral treatment-

Started in the 19th century, Pinel (France) and Tuke (England) Advocated moral treatment that emphasized humane and respectful techniques, emphasized moral guidance, humane and respectful techniques. Benjamin Rush was responsible for this catching on in the US and Europe, and Dorotha Dix helped pass new laws and funding for mental illness and buildings. Abolishing dungeons and beatings, replacing with support & advice, well-lit & ventilated rooms.

Describe the somatogenic-

Abnormal functioning has physical causes. Ex chemical imbalance in the brain, two factors 1. Emil Kraeplin; classification system - what has evolved into the DSM german researcher made a textbook about physical facotrs (fatigue=mental dsyfunction. 2. New biological discoveries Syphilis led to general paresis, which had both physical and mental symptoms (was proved by nuerologist Richardard Von Kraftebing) Results were generally disappointing until effective medication was developed. 

Describe psychogenic-

Abnormal functioning has psychological causes. Ex child abuse, \*Franz Mesmer; discovered hypnotism, later adopted by Freud- Freud: Psychoanalysis; outpatient therapy, Psychoanalytic theory and treatment became widely accepted. Mesmer: Hysterical disorders. perspectives of the early 1900s.

 Describe the current treatment of severely disturbed individuals- 

Psychotropic medications  that affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunction, Outpatient care is the primary mode of treatment; more insurance coverage,.

Describe the current treatment of less severely disturbed individuals- 

Outpatient care is the primary mode of treatment; more insurance coverage, Prevention programs are increasing; positive psychology has grown, Programs dealing with one kind of psychological problem have been created. psychotherapy

Discuss the impact of deinstitutionalization on the care and treatment of the severely mentally

Ill.- Mass deinstitutionalization, and upsurge of community mental health programs. However, there are too few of them and hundreds of thousands of people with severe disturbances are shuttled back & forth between mental hospitals and the community. Many live in decrepit rooming houses, on the streets or in prison. Usually are treated outpatient with therapy and medicine

Discuss the development and foci of (a) prevention programs-

Interventions aimed at deterring mental disorders before they develop, especially for those in high risk areas: poverty, violence in the community, teenage mothers, children of parents with severe psychological disorders, etc 

Discuss the development (b) positive psychology-

 The study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities. Ex optimism, happiness, hard work, wisdom, social skills, etc.

 How are they related to the community mental health approach?-

They all have to do with helping a community of people and it has a lot of being involved in the community. 

Describe the influence of managed care programs on the treatment of psychological abnormality?-

Insurance company determines which therapists its clients may choose, the cost and number of sessions, program of care determined by insurance companies rather than therapists.

What is parity?-

Federal Parity law: passed in 2011, meant to direct insurance companies to provide equal coverage for mental and medical problems (it typically has lower reimbursements for mental disorders than medical)

Deviance

\- Variance from common patterns of behavior

Norms-

A societies stated and unstated rules for proper conduct

Culture-

A peoples common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts.

Treatment-

A systematic procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior also called therapy. 

Trephination

\- An ancient operation gin in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skill to treat abnormal. 

Humors-

According to the Greeks and Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning. 

Asylum-

A type of institution that first became popular i the sixteenth century to provide care for persons with mental disorders. Most asylums became virtual prisons.

Moral treatment-

A nineteenth-century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment. 

State hospitals-

State run public mental institutions in the United States

Somatogenic perspective-

The view that abnormal functioning has physical causes. 

Psychogenic perspective-

The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological. 

Psychoanalysis-

Either the theory or the treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology

Psychotropic medications-

Drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunction.

Deinstitutionalization-

The practice begun in the 1960s of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals  

Prevention-

Interventions aimed at deterring mental disorders before they can develop. 

Positive psychology-

The study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities. 

Multicultural psychology-

The field that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity and gender on behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior. 

Managed care program-

Health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature scope and cost of medical or psychological services. 

Parity-

Laws that direct insurance companies to provide equal coverage for mental and physical problems

Define and describe the basic biological terminology, including parts of neurons-

nerve cells in brain separated by synapse space inbetween nuerons,

dendrites-

electrical impulse first received by a neuron's 

axon-

from dendrites, impulse travels down neuron's axon, when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending, 

these go to the receptors.

the nerve ending is stimulated to release a chemical called a neurotransmitter-

brain circuit

a network of particular brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action to produce a distinct kind of behavioral, cognitive, or emotional reaction. 

Amygdala-

makes you feel fear or anxiety, prefrontal cortex, anterior clingulate cortex, 

cerebrum includes

cortex, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygda

Cortex-

outer layer of brain

corpus callosum-

connects the brain's two cerebral hemispheres

basal ganglia-

planning and producing movement

Hippocampus-

helps regulate emotions and memory

Amygdala-

emotional memory

 types of neurotransmitters-

serotonin(depression), dopamine, glutamate(stress?), and norepinephrine. 

psychotropic drugs-

drugs that mainly affect emotions and thought processes

antianxiety-

minor tranquilizers help reduce tension and anxiety antidepressant, antibipolar mood stabilizers steady moods mania depressoin

minor tranquilizers-

help reduce tension and anxiety antidepressant, antibipolar mood stabilizers steady moods mania depressoin

Summarize the origins of Freud’s theory-

experiments on hypnosis and hysterical illnesses, beg determined by underlying psychological forces not concsiously aware Anna O under hypnosis talking cure, psychoanalysis.

Describe Freud’s explanation of abnormal functioning-

Three unconscious forces shape personality: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards

 id- Pleasure principle (sex), ego-reality principle,  superego- morality principle what is right and wrong society tells us

ego defense mechanisms

(def and examples are denial, projection, displacement, rationalization)

and psychosexual stages-

0-18 months- oral, anal (18 months to 3 years of age), phallic (3 to 5 years), latency (5 to 12 years), and genital (12 years to adulthood)—t.

classical conditioning-

learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mind and so produce the same response. EVENTS 

operant conditioning-

A process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated. Reward 

 Behavioralist..

are teachers rather than healers. They teach to identify the behaviors that are causing a person's problems and then try to replace them with more appropriate ones by applying the principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or modeling

cognitive model-

concentrates on the thinking that underlies behavior

maladaptive assumptions-

specific upsetting thoughts, and illogical thinking processes. 

cognitive therapy-

a therapy developed by aaron beck that helps identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders.

Summarize Carl Rogers’s theory-

gestalt theory: the humanistic therapy in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises

therapy-

person-centered therapy self regard: you are worth something positive regard: those who receive this are likely to develop self-regard, 

 unconditional positive regard-

being non judged with positive words said to you, unconditional self-regard- recognize their worth as a person,

conditions of worth-

told that they are only loveable when they form to certain guidelines.

Summarize the multicultural model-

All behavior and treatment are best understood in the context of culture, cultural values, and external pressures in that context, Prejudice and discrimination may impact abnormal functioning

Describe the various multicultural therapies-

therapist effectiveness enhanced, Greater sensitivity to cultural issues, Inclusion of cultural morals and models, Culture-sensitive therapies, gender-sensitive therapies

Neuron-

A nerve cell

Synapse-

The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another.

Neurotransmitter-

A chemical that is released by one neuron crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons. 

Receptors-

A site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter. 

Endocrine system-

The system of glands located throughout the body that help control important activities such as growth and sexual activity.  

Hormone-

The chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream. 

Gene- Chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits we inherit. 

ECT-

Electroconvulsive therapy, a treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered when an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient's forehead. 

Unconscious-

The deeply hidden mss of memories, experiences, and impulses that are viewed in  Freudian theory as the source of much behavior. 

Psychosurgery-

Brain surgery for mental disorders. 

Id-

According to Freud, the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, desires, drives, and impulses,

ego-

According to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle, 

superego-

According to Freud, the psychological force represents a person’s values and ideals. 

Fixation-

According to Freud, a condition in which the ID, ego, or superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development. 

Defense mechanisms-

According to psychoanalytic theory, strategies are developed by the ego to control unacceptable ID impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse. 

Operant conditioning-

A process of learning in which individuals come to behave in certain ways as a result of experiencing consequences of one kind or another whenever they perform the behavior. 

Modeling-

A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others. 

Systematic desensitization-

An exposure treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread.  

Self-efficacy-

The belief that one can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary. 

Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies-

Therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking. 

Self-actualization-

The humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth. 

Client-centered therapy-

The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rodgers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, and genuinenes

Gestalt therapy-

A humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients towards self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role-playing and self-discovery exercises. 

Family systems therapy-

A therapy format in which the therapist meets with all members of a family and helps them to change in therapeutic ways. 

Group therapy-

A therapy format in which a group of people with similar problems meet together with a therapist while the therapist works on those problems.  

Couple therapy-

A therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship, also called marital therapy. 

Multicultural perspective-

The field that examines the impact of culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures that help account fot the behavior and functioning of its members, also called culturally diverse perspective. 

Community mental health treatment-

A treatment approach that emphasizes community care. 

Developmental psychopathology perspective-

A perspective that uses the developmental framework to understand how variables and principles from various models may collectively account for human functioning. 

Equifinality-

he principle that a number of different developmental pathways can lead to the same psychological disorder. 

Multifinality-

The principle that persons with similar developmental histories may nevertheless have different clinical outcomes or react to comparable current situations in very different ways.