DNA and RNA

chromatin

how genetic material is organized

Chromatin consists of

DNA, histone proteins, and RNA in the process of being transcribed

chromosomes

condensed form of chromatin which occurs during cell division

DNA

consists of two sugar-phosphate backbones, forming a double helix, and 4 nitrogenous bases called nucleotides

Base pair combinations

A-T and C-G

The order of nucleotides in the coding strand of the DNA will encode the

order of amino acids that will be assembled in the polypeptide chain that will make up the future protein

A complementary sequence of the nucleotides will be made in the form of

messenger RNA

nucleotide sequence is converted to mRNA during the process of

transcription

in order to transcribe a copy of mRNA, the coding and template strands must be

separated

___ will begin assembling an mRNA according to the order of nucleotides on the template strand

RNA polymerase

Coding strand

encodes the order of amino acids that will form the new protein

template strand

a template of the coding strand of DNA

The nucleotide thymine is replaced by __ in the mRNA

uracil

mRNA is transported out of the nucleus through

nuclear pores

In the intracellular fluid, the mRNA will encounter the subunits of a

ribosome

depending on the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA, the ribosome will either

• stay in the intracellular fluid

• or will migrate to the rough ER to feed the new amino acid chain into the ER as it forms

codon

triplets of nucleotides

The specific amino acid in the mRNA is encoded by

codons

a __ facilitates the assembly process by possessing an anticodon that is a complement of the mRNA codon for the specific amino acid

transfer RNA

the ribosome reads the codon, then a tRNA with the complementary anticodon

brings the ribosome the amino acid

primary structure of protein

sequence of amino acids assembled by the ribosome

secondary structure of proteins

amino acids form alpha helices or beta pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds

tertiary structures

many alpha helices and beta pleated sheets will interact with each other to form this globular structure

quaternary structure of proteins

two or more tertiary structures that join together

functional protein begins at the __ structure

tertiary