APUSH Unit 30

conservatism

This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners

religious fundamentalism

religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy

political action committees

Funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a political action committee (PAC) and register it with the Federal Election Commission, which will meticulously monitor the PAC's expenditures.

abortion rights

Sparked the right-to-life movement that joined together Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants.

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

reverse discrimination

The assertion that affirmative action programs that require preferential treatment for minorities discriminate against those who have no minority status.

Regents of University of California v. Bakke

A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race.

Ronald Reagan

first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Reganomics

the economic policies of Ronald Regan; also called supply-side economics. Regan hoped to promote growth and investment by deregulating business, reducing corporate tax rates, and lowering federal tax rates for upper and middle income Americans

Sandra Day O'Connor

first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan

William Rehnquist

Nominated by Regan in an attempt to push the Supreme Court in a more conservative direction.

budget and trade deficits

During Reagan's presidency...the national debt rose from around $900 billion to about $2.7 trillion. Due to the tax cuts that were to help stimulate investments, the US trade deficit reached a staggering $150 billion a year.

evil empire

Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression.

Strategic Defense Initiative

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Iran-Contra affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990

Middle East

Geo-Political designation of the area stretching from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the western side of the Indian subcontinent. Consists of countries such as Israel, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.

Palestine Liberation Organization

PLO, A political group that claims to represent all Palestinians and to be working toward gaining an independent Palestinian nation.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in Eastern Europe.

George H. Bush

1989-1993, republican, former director of CIA, oil company founder/owner, foreign policy (panama, gulf war), raised taxes eventhough said he wouldnt, more centrist than his son, NAFTA negotiation

Dan Quayle

Republican vice-presidential nominee in the 1988 election; ridiculed for factual and linguistic mistakes; George H. Bush's running mate in 1988 and 1992 , who had a hard time spelling "potato"

Soviet Union breakup

1989, Boris Yeltsin turns Russia into a Republic and the country is out of turmoil

end of Cold War

marked by the treaty signed between US and USSR. intermediate range nuclear forces(INF) which was the first to call to the destruction of nuclear weapons. Relations with USSR rapidly improved.

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

Panama Invasion

1989, Bush ordered this to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega; the alleged purpose of htis was to stop Noriega from using his country as a droug pipeline to the US

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

Persian Gulf War

(GB1), 1991, a war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders

Operation Desert Storm

the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)

Americans With Disabilities Act

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings.

Bill Clinton

This Democrat served as president from 1993 to 2001, during a period of intense partisanship in the US government. His plan to provide universal health care to all Americans was defeated by Republican Newt Gingrich's "Contract with America" movement and a well-organized opposition from the doctors' lobbying organization (the American Medical Association). His few domestic and international successes were overshadowed by the Monica Lewinsky sex scandal that led to his impeachment and eventual acquittal.

Al Gore

Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College

North American Free Trade Agreement

NAFTA an alliance that merges canada, mexico and the united states into a single market

Oklahoma City Bombing

Timothy McVeigh destroyed the Oklahoma City Federal Building with a fertilizer bomb

168 people were killed in the destruction caused by the explosion

McVeigh said he was upset with the government about the Branch Davidian fiasco and the event at Rudy Ridge

McVeigh was killed by lethal injection in 2001

e-commerce

Business conducted electronically (buying/selling on web)

Clinton impeachment and trial

Seen by the democrats as a right wing way to overturn the elections of 1992 and 1996, it was an attempt to remove him from office. Although neither impeachment charge was upheld by a Senate majority, Not even a 2/3 majority was established. The Republicans managed to damage Clinton's reputation by making him the first president to be impeached since 1868.

Madeleine K. Albright

the first woman to serve as secretary of state; proved to be more assertive in the use of american pwer

Yugoslavia breakup

1990s bosnia, balkan countries, due to religion and ethnicity

Balkan Wars

Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war. These wars were mostly territorial and were a precursor to World War I.

ethnic cleansing

the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area

nuclear proliferation

the spread of nuclear weapons to nations that do not have nuclear capabilities

globalization

The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.

World Trade Organization

An international agency which encourages trade between member nations, administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.

European Union

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

euro

the basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999)

metropolitan areas

region that includes a central city and its surrounding suburbs

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Dick Cheney

Bush's Vice President and a Wyoming representative who was attacked numerous times for his considerable power given to him by the President and his policy-making.

Bush v. Gore

2000, this case ruled in favor of Bush by saying that recounting the votes in certain counties of Florida was unconstitutional because of equal protection of the law; Gore's wish to make the process as simple and painless as possible backfired

No Child Left Behind Act

Federal law enacted in January 2002 that introduced new accountability measures for elementary and secondary schools in all states that wish to receive federal aid.

corporate corruption

"Fraud and Dishonesty committed by business leaders also hurt the stock market and consumer confidence in the economy"

campaign-finance reform

cleaning up way they are financed, house campaign skyrocketed, (PAC pays half), 2 distortions =

1) predominance of politlcal influence disprotionate to real number

2) soft money (Money raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party-building purposes. Now largely illegal except for limited contributions to state or local parties for voter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts.)

war on terror

After 9/11, President George W. Bush declared a worldwide "war on terrorism" aimed at defeating international terrorist organizations, destroying terrorist training camps, and bringing terrorists themselves to justice.

9/11 attacks

four airplanes were highjacked: three hit their targets, the fourth plane's passengers rushed the cockpit and forced the plane to crash into the ground. Osama bin Laden was identified as the person responsible for the terrorist attack.

al Qaeda

Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S.

Osama Bin Laden

Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957)

Afghanistan

was an Islamic oligarchy, but had its first democratic elections in 2004, after the defeat of the Taliban rulers

axis of evil

Created in 2002 by George W. Bush to show the "bad guys" which include: Iran, Iraq, and N. Korea

Homeland Security Department

(2002) Responsible for protecting against terrorism and responding to natural disasters

Iraq

You know about our current war. From 1980-1988 they had a war with Iran. In 1990 they invaded their neighbor, Kuwait, (1st Gulf War)

weapons of mass destruction

Chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. These weapons are capable of destroying enormous numbers of people and vast areas, hence the name. Saddam Hussein has used these on the Iranian army during the Iran-Iraq War, and on the Kurds in 1988.

regime change

the replacement of a country's government with another government by facilitating the deposing of its leader or leading political party

preemptive strike

Israel was fearing attack by Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Jordon, so they launched one of these attacks.

UN inspections

Saddam in Iraq resisted the sanctions and UN inspections

Colin Powell

Colin Powell was an American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama.. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.

Iraq war

War between Iraq and Iran that was started in September of 1980 by Saddam Hussein when he decided to invade the country. The primary goal was to seize control over Iran's oil facilities.

Operation Iraqi Freedom

2003, Operation where U.S. troops invaded Iraq and Saddam's forces collapsed almost immediately. Baghdad fell, and Saddam and other Iraqi leaders went into hiding. In the months that followed Saddam and many of his supporters were captured

Troubled Assets Relief Program

Created through the Economic Stabilization Act which asked for the buying of mortgages to buy off the national debt and stabilize the economy.

Hillary Clinton

Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000

Barack Obama

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

Joe Biden

Vice President