Unit 5 AP Test Review

Unit 5 AP Test Terms

agricultural hearths

Places on earth where plants and animals were first domesticated; fertile crescent, Indus Valley, Southeast Asia, Central America, eg Anatolia, modern day Turkey, is the heath of wheat, which allowed for the development of the first civilizations. Agriculture then diffused from the hearths through expansion diffusion and diffused globally during the Columbian Exchange in which plants and animals were transferred to regions with similar soil types and climates. e.g. Cassava which was grown in the tropical climates of South America became a staple crop in the tropical climates of Africa.

aquaculture

intensive; controlled raising of aquatic life, raising fish in cages and pens, controlling their diet, more sustainable, the fastest growing form of agriculture, requires large amounts of antibiotic and antiparasitics which can cause water pollution; can be profitable on the small scale.

bid-rent theory

price of land with distance to the market because higher pop densities lead to more people bidding on the land rent, this determines intensive or extensive agriculture

biodiversity

balance in the ecosystem, plants, animals and bacteria forming a healthy, natural environment. agriculture caused loss of biodiversity

biotechnology

cloning and genetic engineering GMOs, changing the genome of an organism such as making drought resistant and pest resistant crops such as corn. NOT GREEN REVOLUTION!!!

carrying capacity

the ability of land to support human life, technology increases the carrying capacity of land, agriculture increases the carrying capacity by producing a food surplus

climate

temperatures and precipitation, determines what can be grown where, eg mid-latitudes is for wheat, tropics for rice and cash crops, arid regions for grazing animals

clustered rural settlement pattern

agricultural (pre-industrial)l land use pattern houses are grouped and surrounded by fields, town or village based on the metes and bounds rural survey method.

Columbian Exchange

pants, animals, disease and culture between Afro-Eurasia and the American. Europeans travel to and from the Americans bringing plants and animals and diseases and taking new ones back to Europe, Asia and Africa, resulting the the global diffusion of agricultural practices. Similar crops were cultivated in similar climates on the other side of the world.

commercial agriculture

farming to make a profit; industrial farming, mechanized farming increased yield, lead to higher carrying capacity and longer life expectancy.

commodity chain

all the steps in the raw materials to market or all the LINKS in the production to consumption process. eg, growing oranges, picking oranges, processing them (squeezing the juice) putting them in cartons, printing the picture on the cartons, transportation to the market (grocery stores). Advertising and marketing (commercials)

community-supported agriculture

a type of locavore movement in which people pledge money to a local farm in order to receive some produce from the local farmer during the harvest season. Basically they are buying a subscription to a local farm.

conservation efforts

These are things that make agriculture less sustainable or have a lower environmental impact, eg drip irrigation, no till agriculture, local food movements, organics

crop rotation

a sustainable agricultural practice planting different crop families in a planned sequence across multiple seasons on the same land, usually alternating between nitrogen-fixing legumes like peas or beans with heavy feeders like corn or cabbage, to maintain soil fertility and minimize pest issues;

deforestation

loss of natural forests that are converted to farmland. This is a severe environmental hazard in Indonesia and Malaysia due to palm oil plantations and the high demand for palm oil.

desertification

leaching the soil and expanding the deserts, caused by erosion from weather, overfarming, ranching and herding

dietary shifts

diets change as income changes and people have more access. MDC (core)

dispersed rural settlement pattern

rural settlement pattern with lone farmstead (house) surrounded by farmland far from towns, found in the US west, associated with the township and range survey method

domestication

selective breeding of plants and animals to make them more useful to humans, eg broiler chickens have been bred to be so large that they make chicken cheap creating economies of scale for chicken

economies of scale

decreasing price by producing more and selling to a larger market. When you make more of something it makes the cost per unit item cheaper that is why Wal-Mart milk (Great Value) costs less than locally produced milk such as Klienpeter; Green Revolution technologies increased food production creating economies of scale

Environmental Effects of Agriculture

air, water, soil pollutions, land cover change such as desertification and deforestation, salinization (salt in the soil), eutrophication, fresh water depletion, and loss of biodiversity

extensive agriculture

more land, small yield per unit; cereal grains farming in Iowa. Note

fair trade

movement to get LDC farming a living wage and safe conditions; fair trade coffee; responsible business, conscious consumerism, and shared value to eliminate poverty and enable sustainable development for farmers, workers, their families, and communities around the world.

farm size

in core countries the number of farms is decreasing and the size of farms is increasing as large scale commercial farms are acquiring small-scale family farms. Small family farms can remain competitive by offering more value-added such as free-range and organics.

Feedlots

a type of CAFO for cattle. Very intensive. Ranch farmers are shifting to feedlot farming due to higher land costs and to minimize space and create economies of scale; feedlot runoff is a major contributor to fresh water contamination such as algae blooms and E-Coli in fresh water sources

Fertile Crescent

where agriculture began first the hearth of wheat domestication; This is the modern day middle east or Southwest Asia because there was a wide variety of diverse plants and animals. surplus=specialization

First Agricultural Revolution

domestication of plants and animals 10,000 years ago; changed the way humans live by raising the carrying capacity and allowing humans to settle by creating a food surplus

food desert

urban areas in core countries with little access to healthful food because there are no grocery stores; people east fast food or buy from convenience stores. Can be rural or urban 1 mile or 10 miles to healthful food.

food insecurity

lack of access enough food or enough healthful food; can lead to malnutrition

Food Deserts

a local scale region in core countries in which people do not have access to healthy foods. There are no grocery stores in the local area so people buy most of their food from fast food restaurants, convenience stores or dollar stores. This is a SPATIAL issue because people do not have transportation to get to the store. Food deserts have much higher rates of

genetically modified organisms(GMOs)

DNA changes of plants and animals; Roundup Ready crops like sugar beets are immune to the herbicide Round Up but the Round Up kills all of the weeds

global supply chain

CCC that brings all of the parts of value-added goods together

Green Revolution

1960s chemical fertilizers and hybrid seeds, mechanized farming; tripled global food supply; allowed India and Mexico to shift from food exporters to food importers. Did not have as high of an impact in Africa because of the climate and soil and it is capital intensive. Has positive and negative consequences. Proved Malthus wrong but small scale and subsistence farmers could not afford the hybrid seeds and chemical fertilizers and mechanized farming.

high-yield hybrid seeds

dwarf wheat (pictic-62) and rice (IR-8) developed during the Green Revolution. Increased the global food supply and created economies of scale lowering food prices. NOT GMOs cross bred dwarf wheat and rice

independent invention

the same technology develops in separate hearths without contact. Agriculture developed independently within at least 5 different hearths.

Indus River Valley

agricultural hearth of wheat in northern India and Pakistan

industrial agriculture

mechanized commercial farming that uses machines and synthetic chemicals to produce higher yields

intensive agriculture

small amounts out land; higher yields per unit; labor and capital intensive; eg, dairy, feedlots, market gardening, poultry farming, things are raised close together; practiced in high population density areas with high bid-rent. In the picture X would be intensive Y would be extensive (both would be commercial)

Intensive subsistence wet rice cultivation

labor and capital intensive rice farming in tropical and subtropical climates. Common in South and Southeast Asia associated with Terracing

intercropping/intertillage

planting two or more kinds of crops in close proximity because they are mutually beneficial; this is more sustainable than monocropping

center point irrigation

irrigates crops in circles from groundwater, creates spatial pattern in the US west, can lead to ground water depletion

land cover change (conversion)

visible changes in the natural landscape; cutting down a forest and turing it into a field.

linear settlement pattern

rural settlement pattern in which rectangular fields run perpendicular to a river, road or railroad. Associated with the French long-lot survey method.

local-food movement

eating food grown locally to reduce carbon footprint (greenhouse gas emissions) and to support the local economy; eg farmers markets, CSA

long-lot rural survey method

land survey rectangular long lots perpendicular to a river; Th concept of this system is that all farmers have equal access to water or transportation routes. FRENCH found in France, Louisiana, and Quebec, Canada, gives all farmers access to transportation and irrigation

market gardening (truck farming)

intensive commercial fruits and vegetables near the market; farmer sells directly to the consumer. Fruits and vegetables are heavy and perishable

mechanized farming

farming with machines; industrialized farming, tractors combines, mechanized processing equipment

Mediterranean climate

west coasts, olives, grapes and nuts; very specialized climate with hot dry summers and cool wet winters; California is one but requires more irrigation than most

metes and bounds

a rural survey method based on measurements and boundaries, creates geometric landscape patterns that are irregular rural land survey method, based on landmarks (From the boulder to the tree to the barn to the river; ENGLAND and the US east of the Mississippi river.

migrant farm workers

workers usually from another country that travel from country to country to pick fresh fruits and vegetables. The open borders of the EU make this very easy.

mixed crop/livestock system

intensive farming growing crops to feed to livestock; can be subsistence or commercial; feedlots are considered mixed crop and livestock and are located near corn and wheat cultivation and meat processing is located near feedlots.

monocropping/monoculture

all one kind of crop; more efficient form form of agriculture, cereal grains are usually monocropped; prone to crop failure, loss of biodiversity.

multicroppping

planting a variety of crops together for a balanced diet; done in subsistence farming such as shifting cultivation

nitrogen fixing

cultivating crops in a crop cycle like beans, legumes or peas that replace nitrogen

nomadic herding/pastoral nomadism

extensive subsistence, moving herds to new pastures after they have consumed all of the grass and plants in one location; practiced in the African Sahel and Central Asia sometimes herds are moved with the seasons (transhumance); is a cause of desertification

plantation agriculture

intensive commercial cash crops in the tropic; coffee, tea, sugar, tropical fruits and palm oil; cash crops are grown in the periphery and consumed in the core; is a form of plantation agriculture that is leading to deforestation in tropical regions such as Indonesia and Malaysia

pollution

air (greenhouse gasses), water,(nitrogen runoff, eutrophication, e coli) land (heavy metals, salinization, chemicals from pesticides and herbicides)

ranching

extensive commercial livestock farming in the American west and Pampas of South America, animals are inclosed in large fenced fields, animals are usually treated and tagged, animals are fed artificially and therefore not constantly moving to new pastures but they are in a big field not all packed together in a small pen

rural settlement pattern

how houses were arranged around agriculture before the industrial revolutions

rural survey method

how land was measured and divided among rural residents

Second Agricultural Revolution

with industrial revolution; crop rotation, mechanized commercial farming led to a more stable food supply and larger populations; this allowed the industrial revolution to happen and created more workers for more factories.

Seasonal Migrant Workers

workers who move from state to state or region to region to harvest crops such as grapes or fresh vegetables. This is very important to farmers in the European Union and works well there because of the open boarders.

shifting cultivation

extensive subsistence in the tropics; slash and burn, farmers move to new lands once the soil has been leached every 3-5 years

slash and burn agriculture

informal name for shifting cultivators; cut

soil salinization

caused by overirrigation, salt build up in the soil which make the land unable to be farmed causing a loss of agricultural productivity

Southeast Asia

agricultural hearth of coconuts

Staple Crops

The primary source of calories (food source) in a region or cuisine.

suburban sprawl (urban sprawl)

converting farmland near cities to suburbs

subsistence agriculture

farming to feed yourself and family; done only in periphery and semi-periphery states; shifting cultivation, pastoralism, intensive subsistence wet and dray (wheat and rice)

synthetic chemical fertilizers

nitrogen and phosphorus are synthesized in factories and can mass produce fertilizer for factory farms; causes nitrogen runoff and dead zones, polluting fresh water supplies

sustainability

farming in ways to save farmland and protect the environment and freshwater; examples

terrace farming

a form of land conversion making mountains farmable by creating step pattern; used in South and Southeast Asia, but also on core countries like France and Spain with grapes and olives

township and range

organized rectilinear (square) grid rural settlement pattern of US west; 6 by 6 mile squares, creates dispersed settlement patterns

tropical climate

along the equator, hot and wet year round, cash crops, coffee, tea, tropical fruits, palm oil, subsistence rice

urban farming

farming in the city by utilizing unused space; vertical farming, rooftop gardening; sack farming in old industrial sacks; is encouraged in squatter settlements because people without jobs can do it to grow food and it absorbs the excess labor (this means people have something to do.

value-added specialty crops

specialty cheeses, free-range, organic; can help smaller farms compete with larger ones

Von Thünen’s model

transportation distance to market determines the type of agriculture; Market (town) 1. intensive dairy and market gardening 2. forests for fuel 3. cereal grains 4. ranching; can be apple to all scales and contemporary agricultural patterns, but has limitation in the real-world