PEDS TX EXAM 2: Key Terms & Definitions for Play

what are some characteristics of play?

spontaneous

fun

joyful

intrinsically motivated and internally controlled

emphasis on process

pretend component

active engagement and thinking

often social

may be described through the categories of activities in which children engage, the specific types of play that are accepted and named.

a) form

b) function

c) meaning

d) context

form

form

types of play

These include such activities as games, building and construction, social play, pretend, sensorimotor play, symbolic or dramatic play, team sports, and digital play.

the way in which it serves the person and influences health and well- being.

a) form

b) function

c) meaning

d) context

b) function

examples of the function of play

Physically active play is important for maintaining a healthy weight.

Specifically, physical activity was found to reduce depression and anxiety and improve self-esteem.

the quality of the experience, a person's state of mind, and the value that the play experience has for the individual.

a) form

b) function

c) meaning

d) context

meaning

It is the individual "why" of play and the reason behind preferences.

a) form

b) function

c) meaning

d) context

meaning

Occupational therapists are interested in the firsthand experiences of players as a means of identifying the meaning children make from play and why they choose to play what they do. What is one reason children play?

The teens described play as enjoyable and fun and were able to articulate the idea of losing themselves in an activity and experiencing something akin to flow.

physical and social environments, as well as cultural, personal, temporal, and virtual

a) form

b) function

c) meaning

d) context

d) context

where is the best place to observe play?

In the natural environment

Physical environments in relation to play consist of what spaces?

playgrounds, outdoor and natural play spaces, indoor, classroom, or home play spaces, as well as the types of toys and materials available to play.

what environments provide opportunities for more complex and creative play?

natural environments

children often prefer natural play spaces to playgrounds

In terms of the type of indoor spaces chosen for play, children appear to prefer

closed and private spaces

t/f Recent research suggests that having access to fewer toys may lead to longer toy play with a single toy, and more creative play

t

Specifically, between a 4 toy condition and a 16 toy condition, toddlers in the 4 toy condition had greater quality of play, fewer incidents of play which lasted longer, and more variety in the manner in which they played.

refer to other individuals available for play, the types of interactions that happen through play, and the impact of play partners on play

Social environments

play and adult presence

social play interaction may vary with adult presence

cultural contexts and play

- differences in perceptions of the importance of play

- cultural differences in children's use of time (play vs school)

- different cultural forms of play

temporal contexts and play

- changes throughout history (ex: technology)

- changes thought sessions or times of day

what is the primary occupation of children?

play

what context: "stage of life, time of day or year, duration or rhythm of activity, and history."

temporal context

With technological advances in the "digital world," and the availability of electronic media and toys, what play is emerging?

digital play is replacing less structured outdoor play and indoor spaces are becoming more prevalent as play venues, particularly for girls

Outdoor play has increasingly become associated with risk and danger related to child safety and injury prevention

extreme play deprivation can lead to:

1) delayed development

2) self-stimulation

3) difficulties with social interaction

4) difficulties with mental health

nonobligatory activity that is intrinsically motivated and engaged in during discretionary time, that is, time not committed to obligatory occupations such as work, self-care, or sleep

leisure

leisure is important for

development and quality of life

leisure may be limited in what population?

youth with disabilities

what are some things to considering when conducting a play and leisure assessment?

1) what, why, how play and leisure occur for a child

2) use multiple ,methods (observation, interview, assessment tools)

3) take note on attitudes, preferences, and playfulness

4) look for developmental competencies expressed though play

what assessment assesses the individual's degree of playfulness

the test of playfulness (top)

refers to the self-initiation or drive to action whereby the reward is the activity itself

Intrinsic motivation

refers to the child having control over the actions and outcome of the activity

Internal control

play is used in three ways:

1) as a tool (ex: tongs for scissor skills)

2) as a reward

3) as an occupation

complete and activity analysis to determine that a specific skill may be developed by engaging in a play activity or with a certain toy

a) tool

b) reward

c) occupation

a) tool

an incentive for the completion of some other form of "therapy" work

a) tool

b) reward

c) occupation

reward

focus is on the play itself and the development of play performance or play skill, playfulness or the attitude during play, or intrinsic motivation and exploration of play preferences

a) tool

b) reward

c) occupation

c) occupation

Although occupational therapists believe play is a primary occupation for children, research suggests that play is used in therapy primarily as:

a) tool

b) reward

c) occupation

tool

95% stated that play was used primarily to elicit motor, sensory, or psychosocial outcomes; and only 2% used play as an outcome by itself

a playful therapist has:

- attitude

- body language

- speech

- models playfulness

- novelty (new and exciting)

- imaginary play

- has fun

-shared negotiations of control and decision making The therapist has Bobby play the game Candyland to work on color matching skills.

The therapist has Bobby play the game Candyland to work on color matching skills.

a) tool

b) reward

c) occupation

a) tool

The therapist has Mark play the game Twister with a peer to work on motor planning

a) tool

b) reward

c) occupation

a) tool

The therapist tells Sally, "If you button all of those buttons, you can play with the wagon."

a) tool

b) reward

c) occupation

b) reward

The therapist works with a daycare provider to provide appropriate toys and materials for play for Cara, who has cerebral palsy, explaining why they work and what other types of toys might work as well.

a) tool

b) reward

c) occupation

c) occupation

The therapist provides Marjorie with a variety of developmentally appropriate games and activities that he feels is the "just right challenge" and allows Marjorie to choose what she would like to play with. Then he engages with her as a playmate, being silly and playful and artfully encouraging her to demonstrate her own playfulness.

a) tool

b) reward

c) occupation

c) occupation

things to take into consideration with leisure intervention

1) allow choice and auronomy

2) assist with adaptations and access

3) offer parent education and training

importance of modifying, adapting and assistive technology for play and leisure

- leads to the just right challenge

- allow activities to be dun rather than boring or frustrating

- promotes access and allows full range of choice

- safety is critical

In designing playful spaces for children, occupational therapists

consider the following key points:

• Use of color and texture

• Novelty and variability of equipment and supplies

• Attention to the senses (sight and sound options)

• Consideration of age and developmental levels

• Convertibility of play spaces to allow for varied levels of ability and interest

• Comfort, size, and safety (smaller spaces are typically best)

• Accessibility for all that transcends simple physical access

• Ability to suggest themes or allow for varied thematic play

• Therapeutic use of self and others (playfulness is best

facilitated by others who are playful)