Chapter 5 Photosynthesis: Energy from Sunlight
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73 Terms
Q: What is the cell theory?
A:
Cells are the fundamental units of life.
All organisms are composed of cells.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
(Added) All modern cells evolved from a common ancestor
Concepts
Q: Why are cells small?
A: To maintain a large surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient transport of materials and cellular function.
Q: What does magnification mean in microscopy?
A: It increases the apparent size of the object being viewed.
Q: What is resolution in microscopy?
A: The clarity of the image; ability to distinguish two objects that are close together.
Q: What is light microscopy?
A: Uses light and glass lenses to magnify objects; resolution ~0.2 μm; allows viewing of living cells.
Q: What is a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?
A: An EM that studies cell surfaces; gives 3D images.
Q: What is a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
A: An EM used to study internal cell structures; higher resolution than SEM.
Q: What is the plasma membrane?
A: A phospholipid bilayer with proteins; selectively permeable, supports communication, and adhesion.
Q: Define cytoplasm and cytosol.
A:
Cytoplasm: Contents inside the plasma membrane (excluding nucleus).
Cytosol: The fluid component of the cytoplasm
Q: What is an organelle?
A: A membrane-bound structure within eukaryotic cells that performs specific functions.
Q: What is the nucleus?
A: Membrane-bound organelle where DNA is stored and transcription occurs.
Q: What is the nucleoid?
A: Region in prokaryotic cells where DNA is located (not membrane-bound).
Q: What is peptidoglycan?
A: A polymer in bacterial cell walls that provides structural strength.
Q: What is flagellin?
A: The protein that makes up prokaryotic flagella.
Q: What are pili?
A: Hair-like projections used by prokaryotes for adhesion to surfaces or other cells.
Q: What is the nuclear membrane (envelope)?
A: A double membrane surrounding the nucleus; contains pores for molecular exchange.
Q: What is the nuclear lamina?
A: A protein meshwork that maintains nuclear shape.
Q: What is the nucleolus?
A: Dense region in the nucleus where ribosome assembly begins.
Q: What is chromatin?
A: DNA-protein complex in the nucleus; condenses into chromosomes during division.
Q: What is a chromosome?
A: A condensed, visible form of chromatin seen during cell division.
Q: What are nuclear pores?
A: Protein-lined channels in the nuclear envelope that control entry and exit of molecules.
Q: What is the endomembrane system?
A: Interconnected membranes including the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and vesicles.
Q: What is the rough ER (RER)?
A: ER with ribosomes; synthesizes and modifies proteins.
Q: What is the smooth ER (SER)?
A: ER without ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, detoxifies substances, stores calcium.
Q: What is a cisternae?
A: Flattened membrane sacs in the ER and Golgi.
Q: What is a lumen (of ER)?
A: The interior space of the ER where protein folding and processing occurs.
Q: What is the Golgi apparatus?
A: Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER.
Q: What are the cis and trans faces of the Golgi?
A:
Cis: receives vesicles from ER
Trans: ships vesicles to destinations
Q: What is a ribosome?
A: A complex of rRNA and protein where translation (protein synthesis) occurs.
Q: What is transcription?
A: The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template; occurs in the nucleus.
Q: What is translation?
A: The synthesis of proteins from mRNA; occurs in cytoplasm or on RER.
Q: What are mitochondria?
A: Organelles that perform cellular respiration to generate ATP.
Q: What is the mitochondrial matrix?
A: Inner space containing enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes.
Q: What is the mitochondrial intermembrane space?
A: Space between inner and outer membranes; involved in proton gradient formation.
Q: What are cristae?
A: Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area.
Q: What are plastids?
A: Plant organelles including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.
Q: What are thylakoids?
A: Membranous sacs in chloroplasts containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Q: What is the stroma?
A: Fluid inside the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids; contains enzymes and DNA.
Q: What is a granum?
A: A stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts.
Q: What are chromoplasts?
A: Plastids with red, orange, or yellow pigments.
Q: What is an amyloplast?
A: A leucoplast that stores starch.
Q: What is a leucoplast?
A: A colorless plastid that stores various compounds.
Q: What are vacuoles?
A: Large vesicles in plant cells for storage, digestion, and maintaining turgor pressure.
Q: What are vesicles?
A: Small membrane-bound compartments used for transport.
Q: What are primary lysosomes?
A: Vesicles from the Golgi that contain digestive enzymes.
Q: What are secondary lysosomes?
A: Formed by fusion of a phagosome with a primary lysosome.
Q: What are peroxisomes?
A: Organelles that detoxify harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide.
Q: What are glyoxysomes?
A: Plant organelles that convert lipids to carbohydrates.
Q: What are lysosomal storage diseases?
A: Disorders (e.g. Tay-Sachs) caused by failure to break down specific molecules in lysosomes.
Q: What is phagocytosis?
A: The process of engulfing food particles into a phagosome.
Q: What is a phagosome?
A: A vesicle formed by phagocytosis containing the ingested material.
Q: What is autophagy?
A: The breakdown and recycling of cell components.
Q: What is the cytoskeleton?
A: A network of protein filaments supporting cell shape and enabling movement.
Q: What are microfilaments?
A: Actin filaments involved in shape, movement, and muscle contraction.
Q: What is actin?
A: The protein that polymerizes to form microfilaments.
Q: What is myosin?
A: A motor protein that interacts with actin for movement (e.g. in muscle cells).
Q: What are intermediate filaments?
A: Ropelike filaments (e.g., keratin) that maintain cell rigidity and structure.
Q: What is keratin?
A: A structural protein found in intermediate filaments.
Q: What are microtubules?
A: Hollow tubes made of tubulin; involved in structure, transport, and cell division.
Q: What is tubulin?
A: The protein dimer that makes up microtubules.
Q: What are motor proteins?
A: Proteins like kinesin and dynein that move vesicles or structures along the cytoskeleton.
Q: What is kinesin?
A: A motor protein that "walks" vesicles along microtubules.
Q: What is dynein?
A: A motor protein involved in cilia and flagella movement.
Q: What is nexin?
A: A protein that links microtubule doublets in cilia/flagella and limits their sliding.
Q: What are cilia and flagella?
A: Motile structures made of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement; move cells or fluids.
Q: What are centrioles?
A: Paired structures involved in organizing microtubules during cell division (in animals).
Q: What are cell walls?
A: Rigid outer layers in plants, fungi, and bacteria; provide structure and support.
Q: What are plasmodesmata?
A: Channels connecting plant cells for exchange of water and molecules.
Q: What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
A: A network outside animal cells made of collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.
Q: What is collagen?
A: A fibrous protein in the ECM providing strength and flexibility.
Q: What are proteoglycans?
A: Gel-forming proteins in the ECM that trap water and resist compression.
Q: What is symbiosis?
A: Close association between different species; used to describe early organelle evolution.
Q: What is the endosymbiosis theory?
A: Theory that mitochondria and plastids evolved from engulfed prokaryotic cells.
Note 
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