AP bio semester exam quick

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules made of monosaccharides used for quick energy, storage, and structure

Monosaccharide

Monomer of carbohydrates (ex: glucose)

Glycosidic linkage

Covalent bond that joins monosaccharides

Lipids

Hydrophobic molecules used for long-term energy storage, membranes, and hormones

Phospholipid

Amphipathic lipid that forms the cell membrane bilayer

Protein

Polymer of amino acids that performs structural, enzymatic, and regulatory functions

Amino acid

Monomer of proteins

Peptide bond

Covalent bond between amino acids

Nucleic acids

Polymers that store and transmit genetic information

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids

Dehydration synthesis

Process that builds polymers by removing water

Hydrolysis

Process that breaks polymers by adding water

Polarity

Unequal sharing of electrons that gives molecules partial charges

Hydrogen bonding

Weak attraction between polar molecules

Cohesion

Attraction between water molecules

Adhesion

Attraction between water and other substances

High specific heat

Ability of water to resist temperature changes

Universal solvent

Ability of water to dissolve polar and ionic substances

Surface area to volume ratio

Relationship that limits cell size due to exchange efficiency

Prokaryote

Cell lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryote

Cell containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Hypotonic solution

Solution with lower solute concentration; cell swells

Hypertonic solution

Solution with higher solute concentration; cell shrinks

Isotonic solution

Solution with equal solute concentration; no net movement

Polar molecule

Molecule with uneven charge that is hydrophilic

Nonpolar molecule

Molecule with even charge that is hydrophobic

Plasma membrane

Selectively permeable barrier made of a phospholipid bilayer

Fluid mosaic model

Model describing membrane as lipids with embedded, moving proteins

Passive transport

Movement across membrane without energy

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport using a transport protein

Active transport

Movement against a concentration gradient using ATP

Transport protein

Membrane protein that assists molecule movement

Chloroplast

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs

Mitochondrion

Organelle where cellular respiration occurs

Endosymbiotic theory

Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes

Cilia

Short structures that move fluid across the cell surface

Flagella

Long structures that move the cell

Cytoskeleton

Network of fibers that provides shape, transport, and movement

Mitosis

Division of the nucleus producing two identical diploid cells

Prophase

Chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate

Telophase

Nuclear membranes reform and chromosomes decondense

Cyclin

Regulatory protein that controls cell cycle timing

Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

Enzyme activated by cyclins to move the cell cycle forward

Negative feedback

Mechanism that maintains homeostasis by reversing change

Positive feedback

Mechanism that amplifies a response

Meiosis

Cell division that produces haploid gametes

Meiosis I

Separation of homologous chromosomes

Meiosis II

Separation of sister chromatids

Crossing over

Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during prophase I

Genetic variation

Differences in DNA among individuals

Pedigree

Diagram used to track inheritance patterns

Autosomal trait

Trait located on a non-sex chromosome

Sex-linked trait

Trait located on a sex chromosome

Probability

Likelihood that a specific event will occur

Chi-square test

Statistical test comparing observed and expected results

Null hypothesis

Hypothesis stating no significant difference exists

Degrees of freedom

Number of categories minus one

Linked genes

Genes located on the same chromosome inherited together

Unlinked genes

Genes that assort independently

Recombination frequency

Measure of distance between genes on a chromosome

Mitochondrial inheritance

Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA from the mother only

Punnett square

Diagram used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes

Monohybrid cross

Cross involving one trait

Dihybrid cross

Cross involving two traits

Phenotype

Physical expression of a trait

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism

Epigenetics

Environmental influence on gene expression without changing DNA sequence