Perdev module3

Four Major Approaches on Personality

a) Psychodynamic Approaches

b) Humanistic Approaches

c) Trait Approach

d) Social Cognitive Approach

PSYCHODYNAMIC

He states that conscious awareness is just the small tip of the iceberg and that underneath lie most of the mind submerged in the unconscious

Conscious mind

•Refers to the parts of our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that we are aware of and conscious of

•Tip of the iceberg

Preconscious mind

•Refers to the part between conscious and unconscious

•Part of our inner life that we can access if we try and can be seen with some work, but is not readily accessible

•Accessible memories and learned experiences live in the preconscious

Sigmund Freud

•Introduced the concepts of the 3 layers of consciousness : conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

•3 main players: ego, id, and superego

Unconscious mind

•Part of the psyche that is completely removed from any conscious awareness

•By far the largest part of the mind

•It governed and informed every other part of the psyche

•Majority of the submerged iceberg

Ego

•Lives somewhere between the conscious and preconscious

•Portion of the mind that experiences life, our sense of self, and identity

Id

•Lives entirely in the unconscious

•Is the instinctive, uncontrollable portion of the mind

•Holds all impulses suppressed thoughts and urges

Superego

•Expands all the way from the depths of the unconscious to the tip of the conscious mind

•Reigning force that controls the impulse, reckless nature of the id an acts through the ego

•Is our sense of morality and it harnesses the power that allows us to behave in a civilized society

Ego Defense Mechanisms

-denial

-displacement

-else

-projection

-Rationalization

-Reaction formation

-Regression

-Repression

-Sublimation

Freud's Psychosexual Development

•He developed this theory with the belief that humans go through five stages of fixation on different erogenous zones

•If these stages of fixation were interrupted or not properly developed, a person could grow to have some sort of maladaptive behavior

Erik Erikson

•Proposed the Psychosocial Development

•Individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan - a departure from Freud's view that personality is fixed in early life.

•Emphasized the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development

•Identified eight stages, each of which represents a conflict or developmental task

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•The development of a healthy personality and a sense of competence depends on the successful completion of each task

Alfred Adler

•Founded a school of Psychology called Individual Psychology

•Focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority

•Focused on social motives

•Than sexual or aggressive motives for behavior (Freud)

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•Emphasized conscious rather than unconscious motivation

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•Birth order

Shapes our personality

•Social Connections

•Rather than the sexual stages (Freud)

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•He noted that inter-relatedness of humanity and the need to work together for the betterment of all.

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•Three fundamental social tasks

1.Occupational tasks - careers

2.Social tasks - friendships

3.Love tasks - finding an intimate partner for a long-term relationships

Inferiority complex

person's feelings that they lack worth and don't measure up the standards of others or of society

Carl Jung

•Developed the analytical psychology

•Working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought, and experience within one's personality

•Split from Freud was based on two major disagreements:

1.Like Adler and Erikson, did not accept that sexual drive was the primary motivator in a person's mental life

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2.Although he agreed with Freud's concept of personal unconscious, he thought it to be incomplete

- In addition, he focused on the collective unconscious

•Collective unconscious

•Universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us

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•Jung parted ways with Freud's belief that personality is determined solely by past events and anticipated the humanistic movement with its emphasis on self-actualization and orientation toward the future

Collective unconscious

Universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us

Extroversion

1.energized by being outgoing and socially oriented; derive your energy from being around others

Introversion

quiet and reserved; you may be social, but your energy is derived from your inner psychic activity

Karen Horney

•Like Jung, she believed that each individual has the potential for self-realization and that the goal of psychoanalysis should be moving toward a healthy self rather than exploring early childhood patterns of dysfunction

According to Horney, any jealousy is most likely culturally based, due to the greater privileges that males often have, meaning that the differences between men's and women's personalities are culturally based, not biologically based

•Horney's theories focused on the role of unconscious anxiety.

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•She suggested that normal growth can be blocked by basic anxiety stemming from needs not being met, such as childhood experiences of loneliness and/or isolation.

moving toward people

•relies on affiliation and dependence.

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•These children become dependent on their parents and other caregivers in an effort to receive attention and affection, which provides relief from anxiety.

moving against people

relies on aggression and assertiveness. Children with this coping style find that fighting is the best way to deal with an unhappy home situation, and they deal with their feelings of insecurity by bullying other children.

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• As adults, people with this coping style tend to lash out with hurtful comments and exploit others

moving away from people

•centers on detachment and isolation.

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•These children handle their anxiety by withdrawing from the world.

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•They need privacy and tend to be self-sufficient. When these children are adults, they continue to avoid such things as love and friendship, and they also tend to gravitate toward careers that require little interaction with others

Abraham Maslow

found that such people share similar characteristics, such as being open, creative, loving, spontaneous, compassionate, concerned for others, and accepting of themselves

Hierarchy of Needs

•proposes that human beings have certain needs in common and that these needs must be met in a certain order. The highest need is the need for self-actualization, which is the achievement of our fullest potential.

congruence

when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar—in other words, when our self-concept is accurate.

High congruence

leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life. Parents can help their children achieve this by giving them unconditional positive regard, or unconditional love

incongruence

greater gap between the real self and the ideal self.

Carl Rogers

•main ideas about personality regards self-concept, our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

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•How would you respond to the question, "Who am I?"

•If your response is primarily positive, then you tend to feel good about who you are, and you see the world as a safe and positive place.

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•If your response is mainly negative, then you may feel unhappy with who you are.

•The ideal self is the person that you would like to be;

•the real self is the person you actually are.

Gordon Allport

•found 4,500 words in the English language that could describe people

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•He organized these personality traits into three categories:

1.cardinal traits,

2.central traits, and

secondary traits.