inflammation

What are the signs of acute inflammation? Select all that apply.

A.Granulomas

B. Redness

C.Swelling

D.Heat

E.Tissue destruction

F.Pain

pain, redness, immobility (if impacting a joint or pain is severe), swelling, and heat.

PRISH

Which immune chemical mediators contribute to the swelling associated with acute inflammation? Select all that apply

A.Prostaglandins

B.Histamine​

C.Chemotactic factors​

D.Kinins

E. Leukotrienes​

A.Prostaglandins

B.Histamine​

D.Kinins

E.Leukotrienes​

During episodes of acute inflammation, swelling results in plasma proteins and fluid entering the interstitial space at the area of injury. Chemical mediators that alter capillary permeability, including histamine, kinins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins facilitate this process.

Which item causes chronic inflammation?

A.Topical anesthetic (numbing) medications

B.Moderate daily exercise

C. Foreign material that remains in the bod

D. Yearly influenza vaccinations

C. Foreign material that remains in the bod

The three primary causes of chronic inflammation include unresolved acute inflammation, pathogens that remain in tissues, and foreign material that remains in the body.

Acute Inflammation cause

Pathogens​

Allergies​

Injury

acute inflammation onset and duration

Immediate/Several days

acte inflammation primary chemical mediators

Complement system​

Kinins​

Leukotrienes​

Interferon-gamma

acute inflamation primary immune cells

Infection: neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages​

Allergy: eosinophils, mast cells

acute inflammation lesion

Rash​

Pus​

Abscess

acute inflammation outcomes

Resolution​

Abscess formation​

Chronic inflammation

acute inflammation examples

Abscess (skin, organ)​

Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)

chronic inflammation cause

Persistent acute inflammation​

Persistent foreign body​

Autoimmune reaction

chronic inflammation onset duration

Delayed/Up to months or years

chronic inflammation primary chemical mediators

Cytokinins​

chronic inflammation primary immune cells

Monocytes​

Macrophages​

Lymphocytes​

Fibroblasts

chronic inflammation lesion

Rash​

Fibrosis​

Granuloma

chronic inflammation outcomes

Tissue destruction​

Fibrosis

chronic inflammation examples

Autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis)​

Cystic fibrosis

Healing by primary intention

refers to the process involving a clean wound, no foreign or necrotic tissue, and a minimal gap between the edges, which is common in surgical incisions.​

Healing by secondary intention

more involved in a large break in the tissue that has more inflammation, a longer healing period, and formation of scar tissue, which is commonly seen in compound fractures.​

factors affect healing

age​

nutritional deficiencies​

hemoglobin levels​

circulation problems​

presence of additional medical conditions​

chronic disease​

radiation or chemotherapy exposure​

long-term use of glucocorticoids (steroids)​

A client is seen in the emergency clinic after jumping off a ski lift and injuring their ankle. Which steps can the client take to reduce inflammation and pain?​ Select all that apply.

A.Wrap the ankle

B.Apply heat to the site​

C.Rest the affected area​

D.Apply an ice pack​

E.Elevate the injured site​

A.Wrap the ankle

C.Rest the affected area​

D.Apply an ice pack​

E.Elevate the injured site​

Rest the affected area, which will protect the area from additional injury. ​

Ice the ankle to reduce inflammation that is causing swelling or pain. Applying heat will not reduce inflammation and swelling. ​

Compression by wrapping the ankle can reduce the swelling.​

Elevate the ankle to reduce swelling

population at risk for inflmmation

very young,elderly,unisured or underinsured

Which factor can delay tissue healing from inflammation and injury?​

A.Advanced age​

B.Adequate hemoglobin​

C.Effective circulation​

D.Undisturbed wound​

Advanced age​

complication that occur from scar formation

Loss of function results from the loss of normal cells, specialized structures, or normal organization in scar tissue.​

Contractures result from scar tissue that restricts the range of motion of a joint, resulting in fixation and deformity of the joint.​

Obstructions result from fibrous tissue that limits movement in the mouth or when swallowing.​

Adhesions result from bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated.​

Hypertrophic scarring results from an overgrowth of fibrous tissue consisting of excessive collagen deposits, leading to hard ridges of scar tissue or keloid formation.​

Ulceration results from impaired blood flow around the scar, which can cause the tissue to break down.​

Stenosis results from shrinking of the scar tissue causing shortening or narrowing of structures.​

burns and inflamation

thermal (heat) or nonthermal (electrical or chemical) injury to the body can cause inflammation and tissue destruction. Burns cause an acute inflammatory response and release of chemical mediators that can then cause a fluid shift, edema, or decrease in blood volume as time passes. The location and the percentage of burns can result in minor to major injuries that can lead to life-altering effects for the client.​

A 72-year-old is recovering two days after having knee replacement surgery. The incision is going through which type of healing?​

A.Granuloma formation​

B.Secondary intention​

C.Scar formation​

D.Primary intention​

Primary intention​

mary intention healing occurs when there is minimal tissue loss and the edges are close in proximity.

Secondary intention healing occurs in wounds with moderate to large tissue loss and has edges that are not approximated or wounds that are infected and left open until the infection is treated. Scar tissue and granuloma formation result from chronic inflammation, not healin

One outcome of acute inflammation with ulceration is chronic inflammation. This is particularly true when the inflammatory process continues for weeks to months. Chronic inflammation is characterized by tissue destruction, mononuclear cell infiltration, and repair.

in acute inflammation, the healing process of fibrosis and angiogenesis has not begun.

On post-op day one following abdominal surgery, a client is experiencing pain, heat, and redness at the incision. Based on these findings, what conclusion can be made about the incision?

A.No conclusions can be drawn from the cues provided.

B.The client is healing quickly and can go home today.

C.This is a normal inflammatory response.

D.The incision shows signs of infection.

C.This is a normal inflammatory response.

The signs of acute inflammation include pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat (PRISH) and are normally seen at a fresh surgical site.

Acute inflammation

-The immediate response to tissue injury, which lasts from minutes to days, and is

-used to describe diseases characterized by a sudden onset with a short, relatively severe course

chronic inflammation

-The repeated destruction and repair of tissue for weeks to years after the initial injury and

-used to describe diseases characterized by long duration and slow progression.

A client is seen in the clinic with a wrist injury. Which findings indicate clinical manifestations of systemic inflammation? Select all that apply.​

A.Client's temperature is 101.8​F (38.8C).

B. Client is producing thick, green nasal discharge​.

C. Client complains of pain in the frontal and maxillary sinuses​.

D. Client states, "I'm tired all the time and have no energy."​

E. Client's white blood cell count is elevated

A.Client's temperature is 101.8​F (38.8C).

D. Client states, "I'm tired all the time and have no energy."​

E. Client's white blood cell count is elevated

Systemic manifestations of inflammatory response include elevated temperature, leukocytosis, malaise, and fatigue. ​

Purulent exudates and pain are both considered local manifestations of inflammation.​

The nurse reviews the client's complete blood count (CBC) results and notes that the neutrophil levels are elevated, but the monocytes are still within normal limits. This indicates what type of inflammatory response?​

A.No inflammatory response​ exists

B.The inflammatory response is resolved​

C.Chronic inflammatory response​

D. Acute​ inflammatory response​

D. Acute​ inflammatory response

Elevated neutrophils and monocytes that are within normal limits are indicative of an acute, not chronic inflammatory response

A college student comes to the health clinic with a complaint of red, painful, and itchy feet. During assessment of the health history, the client tells the nurse that they live in a dorm and share a bathroom with other students. What teaching should the nurse provide to this client?​

A."Disinfect showers and bathroom floors monthly after use."​

B."Don't shower as often."​

C."Have bloodwork checked monthly."​

D."Avoid sharing personal items and wear non-skid shoes in the bathroom

D."Avoid sharing personal items and wear non-skid shoes in the bathroom

Avoidance of sharing personal items and wearing non-skid shoes suitable for water can decrease the spread of pathogens that cause inflammation and infection.

A client with inflammation generally presents with one or more of the classic signs. Identify the classic signs that are clinical manifestations of inflammation. Select all that apply.

A.Pain

B.Redness

C.Warmth

D.Fatigue

E.Swelling

F.Fever

G.Loss of function

A.Pain

B.Redness

C.Warmth

E.Swelling

G.Loss of function

Which immune cells are activated first when suspicious cells are identified in the blood stream?

A.Phagocytes

B.Kinins

C.T cells

D.B cells

D.B cells

B cells, lymphocytes from human bone marrow, support humoral immunity to identify cells that are non-self and are activated when they come into contact with non-self substances. The B cells are responsible for alerting the rest of the body to the presence of a foreign invader.

Antigens

Activate the immune system to produce specific antibodies produced by the B lymphocytes

Antibodies

Bind to the specific matching antigen to destroy it

Macrophages

Cells critical to the initiation of the immune response

Complement system​

Initiates an inflammatory response

Lymphocytes

Primary cells in the immune response that recognize and react with antigens in the body

Chemical mediators​

Signal a cellular response or cause cellular damage.​