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chain of custody
the documented and unbroken transfer of evidence
class evidence
material that connects an individual or thing to a certain group
crime-scene investigation
a multidisciplinary approach in which scientific and legal professionals work together to solve a crime
crime scene reconstruction
a hypothesis of the sequence of events from before the crime was committed through its commission
datum point
a permanent, fixed point of reference used in mapping a crime scene
direct evidence
evidence that (if true) proves an alleged fact, such as an eyewitness account of a crime
individual evidence
a kind of evidence that identifies a particular person or thing
subdatum point
one of several preference points of known coordinates marked from a measurable distance and direction from the datum point
trace evidence
small but measurable amounts of physical or biological material found at a crime scene
Triangulation
a technique used to record evidence location from two fixed reference points
Seven S's of Crime Scene Investigation
secure the scene , separate the witness, scan the scene, see, sketch, search, secure evidence
Mapping the Outdoor Crime Scene
Check pg. 32
Analyzing Evidence
See pg. 34
Staged Crime Scene
See pg. 35
Summary, Case Studies, Careers, and Review
See pgs. 36-42
allele
An alternative form of a gene.
Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
the FBI's computerized criminal DNA databases as well as the software used to run these databases; includes the National DNA Index System (NDIS)
DNA Phenotyping
The prediction of physical appearance based only on DNA
DNA profile (fingerprint)
patter of DNA fragments obtained by analyzing a person's unique sequences of noncoding DNA
DNA profiling
a technique used to identify a person based on analysis of their genetic code
electrophoresis
a method of separating molecules, such as DNA, according to their size
Exon
portion of gene that is expressed
Familial Searching
using CODIS and state databases to search for relatives of unknown persons or offenders
Forensic genealogy
using both CODIS and public databases to identify a subject by comparing their DNA to one or more family members
Intron
portion of a gene that is not expressed
karyotype
a picture of the paired homologous chromosomes in a cell
kinship
closely related individuals
polymer
A long molecule composedd of similar repeating units
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
a method of amplifying (duplicating) tiny amounts of DNA evidence for use in investigations
polymorphism
region of repeating DNA within an intron that is highly variable from person to person
primer
a starting sequence added to trigger replication of a specific section of DNA or RNA
short tandem repeats (STRs)
sequence of repeating bases in noncoding regions of DNA that are used in DNA profiling
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
a type of genetic variation where one nucleotide is substituted for another
STR markers
a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome
Agglutination
Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody interaction.
Angle of Impact
angle at which blood strikes a target surface relative to the horizontal plane of the target surface
antigen
substance that triggers an immune response
area of convergence
a two-dimensional view of the intersection of lines formed by drawing a line through the main axis of at least two drops of blood that indicates the general area of the source of the blood spatter
area of origin
the location of a blood source viewed in three dimensions as determined by projecting angles of impact of individual bloodstains
Cast-off pattern
blood projected onto a surface as a result of being flung from an object in motion
passive drop
blood drop created solely as a result of gravity
satellite
smaller droplets of blood projected from larger drops of blood upon impact with a surface
spine
elongated blood streaks radiating away from the center of a bloodstain
swipe
blood pattern resulting from a lateral transfer from a moving source onto another surface
wipe
smeared blood pattern created when an object moves through blood that is not completely dried
acute poisoning
a high dose over a short period of time
Chronic poisoning
Low dose over a long period of time
Controlled Substances Act
law that established penalties for possession, use, or distribution of illegal drugs and established five schedules for classifying drugs
First Step Act
a law that reduced the penalties of drug use, possession, and distribution for those already in federal prison
Metabolite
the by-product formed during the metabolism of a chemical
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Criminalistics
Analysis of physical evidence
Forensic anthropology
Analysis of bodily remains
Forensic entomology
Analysis of insects on dead bodies to determine time of death
Pharmacologist
Studies natural and synthetic chemicals
Carcinogens
Causes cancers
Toxicologist
Studies toxic effects of chemicals
Base principle of toxicology
Chemicals safe in small dosages become deadly in high dosages
Dose-response tests
Effects of drugs at different dosages for the relationship between dose and effect
Pharmacodynamics
Mechanisms that cause physiological and pathological changes
Pharmokinetics
How the chemical is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted
Drugs may enter the body by
Ingestion, inhalation, injection, skin application, suppository
Lipophilic chemials
Stored in fat cells, released into blood stream
Plasma protein chemicals
Released slowly into cells
Fluoride, lead, and strontium chemicals
Stored in bone
Xenobiotics
Chemicals foreign to the body
Chemical excretion by means of
Feces, sweat, saliva, breast milk, nails, and hair
Enterohepatic circulation
Process between liver, small intestine, and bile
A drug's half life
Time in which drug decreases by 50% in blood
Agonist drugs
Drugs that cause effects
Antagonist drugs
Drugs that block effects
Immediate cause of death
Body problem that caused death
Proximate cause of death
What led to the immediate cause of death
Manner of death
Homicide, suicide, natural, accident, undetermined
Myocardio infarction
Heart attack
Frye standard
New methods must be accepted by those in the field
Inculpatory evidence
Presence will include a person and incrminate
Exculpatory evidence
Presence will exclude a person and exonerate
Direct evidence
Information that establishes directly and requires no inference
Associative evidence
Evidence that will link a person to a place (hair, blood, paint, bullets, fingerprints)
Class-characteristic evidence
Doesn't reference a particular suspect
Individual-characteristic evidence
Associates particular individual with the commission of a crime
Biological evidence
Human tissue used for identification
Chemical evidence
Seized drugs, toxicological samples, explosives
Trace evidence
Suspect will leave and take something at the scene
Impression evidence
Footwear, tire imprints
Firearm and tool mark evidence
Type of impression, bullets, shells
Questioned documents
Handwriting analysis, alteration, obliteration, erasures,
Who helped advance fingerprint, firearms, and hair analysis?
Victor Balthazard
Who was credited with developing a probablility model that showed fingerprints are unique (10^60 chance of 2 people having same patterns)?
Victor Balthazard
Who developed an advanced photographic method of comparing markings on bullets?
Victor Balthazard
What is the identification of suspects using 11 body measurements?
Anthropometry/bertillonage
Who created anthropometry?
Alphonse Bertillon
When was anthropometry popular?
1883-1900s
Who was the first forensic scientist that used fingerprints to solve a case?
Alphonse Bertillon
Who was the cousin of Charles Darwin?
Sir Francis Galton
Who developed the first classification for fingerprints?
Sir Francis Galton
What is used to describe one of the features found in fingerprints in the US?
Galton Ridge
Who is credited with establishing examination of firearms evidence in US?
Galvin Goddard
Who coined the term of "criminalistics"?
Hans Gross
Note 
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