AP Gov Vocab Chapter 3

partisan polarization

heightened conflict between elected Democrats and Republicans

bicameral legislature

A lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts

filibuster

an attempt to defeat a bill in the Senate by talking indefinitely, thus preventing the Senate from taking action on on the bill

majority-minority districts

congressional district where a majority of voters are racial or ethnic minorities

descriptive represenation

when citizens are represented by elected officials from their same racial or ethnic background

substansive representation

ability of citizens to elect officials who will enact into law policies that the citizens favor

marginal districts

districts in which candidates elected to the House of Representatives win in close elections (typically, less than 55 percent of the vote)

safe districts

districts in which incumbents win by a comfortable margin

conservative coalition

an alliance between republicans and conservative democrats

representational explanation

argument that a members constituents views are the most important factor shaping how they vote

organizational explanation

argument that what other members of members of Congress want is the most important factor shaping how members vote

attitudinal explanation

argument that members are largely free to vote how they see fit on most issues

majority leader

the legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or the Senate

minority leader

the legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House or the Senate

whip

a senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking

speaker

the presiding officer of the House of Representatives and the leader of the majority party in the House

party vote

a vote where most democrats are on one side of the bill, and most republicans are on the other

caucus

an association of congressional members created to advance a politucal ideology or a regional, ethnic or economic interest

standing committees

permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area

select committees

congressional committees appointed for a limited time and purpose

joint committees

committees on which both senators and representatives serve

conference committee

joint committees appointed to resolved differences in the Senate and House versions of the same bill

simple resolution

an expression of opinion either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters in either body

concurrent resolution

an expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and the Senate but not the president

joint resolution

a formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of Congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

discharge petition

a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had the bill for 30 days, may petition to have it brought to the floor

restrictive

an order from the House Rules Committee that limits debate and permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made to a bill on the floor

closed rule

an order from the House Rules committee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor

open rule

an order from the House Rules committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor

quorum

the minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress

riders

amendments on matters unrelated to a bill that are added to an important bill so that they will “ride” to passage through the Congress. When a bill has many riders, it is called a Christmas-tree bill

cloture rule

a rule used by the Senate to end or limit debate

double tracking

a procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business

voice vote

a congressional voting procedure in which members shout “yea” in approval or “nay” in disapproval, permitting members to vote quickly or anonymously on bills

division vote

a congressional voting procedure in which members stand and are counted

roll-call vote

a congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering “yea” or “nay” to their names

teller vote

a congressional voting procedure in which members pass between two tellers, the “yeas” first and the “nays” second

veto

literally, “I forbid”; it refers to the power of a president to disapprove a bill, and may be overriden by a two-thirds vite of each house of congress

omnibus legislation

a single bill that contains many sub-bills which together gets one vote

divided government

one party controls the white house and another party controls one or both houses of Congress

unified government

the same party controls the white house and both houses of congress