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secondary sexual characteristics
characteristics that develop at puberty
male characteristics due to testosterone
deepening of the voice/ growth of body hair
female characteristics ( due to oestrogen )
development of breasts/ widening of hips
fsh - follicle stimulating hormone
secreted by the pituitary gland
stimulates development of the graafian follicle
stimulates secretion of oestrogen by the follicle cells
oestrogen
stimulates the lining of the uterus to repair and to become thick and vascular
stimulates secretion of LH by the pituitary gland
inhibits secretion of fsh
LH
stimulates ovulation
stimulates development of the corpus luteum from the graafian follicle
stimulates the corpuus luteum to secrete progesterone and oestrogen
progesterone
maintains the thickening of thee endometrium
inhibits secretion of fsh and LH
survival time for sperm and egg
sperm survives for up to 7 days in the female ; egg survives for up to 24 hours after ovulation
copulation
sexual intercourse
fertilisation
fusion of haploid nuclei of sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote occurs in the fallopian tube
pregnancy
stops the menstrual cycle
implantation
the embedding of the blastocyst in the endometrium ( 7 days after fertilisation )
primary germ layers
ectoderm- skin nervous system
mesoderm- muscle / skeletal and reproductive system
endoderm- gut lining / liver
the amnion
fluid filled sac or membrane that encloses and protects the embryo
formation of placenta
from tissues in the embryo and the uterus
functions of the placenta
transfer food , gases , excretory products between embryo and mother
prevents transfer of pathogens blood cells and hormones
secretes the hormones progesterone and oestrogen
the umbilical cord
connects placenta to the embryo
oxytocin
stimulates contraction of the muscles of the uterus
lactation
production of milk by the mammary glands
stimulated by prolactin secreted by the pituitary glad
biological benefits of breast feeding
correct nutrients / contains antibodies / helps uterus to contract / bonding
infertility
when a person cannot have children
male infertility
causes ;low sperm count , low sperm mobility , low level of testosterone
treatment ; in-vitro fertilisation
female infertility
causes; failure to produce eggs / failure to ovulate / blocked fallopian tubes
treatment ; hormone treatment / in-vitro fertilisation
in -vitro fertillisation
fertilisation outside the body
contraceptive
the prevention of fertilisation or implantation
4 methods of contraception
natural ; avoid sexual intercourse around time of ovulation
mechanical ; condom / diaphragm
chemical ; birth control pills/ spermicides
surgical ; women - tubal ligation - cutting oviduct / in men ; vasectomy - cutting the vas deferns
menstrual cycle disorder - fibroids
cause - unknown / may be hormonal
symptoms - benign tumours in uterus / large fibroids can cause heavy menstrual bleeding / removal of fibriods by surgery / pain / miscarriage / infertility
treatment ; hormones / removal of fibroids by surgery / hysterectomy