SOCI 362 (Huang) - Criminology - Exam 1 (pt.2)

T/F: in terms of theoretical stance, Adam Smith, Cesare Beccaria, and Cesare Lombroso are, among others, pioneers of rational choice theory.

false: not Cesare Lombroso, Jeremy Bentham

T/F: in terms of nature, modern rational choice theorists generally believe that crimes/deviant behaviors are mutually replaceable (or functionally equivalent)

false: classic

T/F: just like biological and psychological theorists, rational choice theorists believe that some people get involved in crime/deviance because of involuntary/uncontrollable biological desires or psychological drives

false: unlike, because of personal decisions

T/F: modern rational choice theorists believe that in hot spots of crime (such as the Little Cuba in Miami or the French Quarter in New Orleans), motivated offenders can find abundant opportunities to commit criminal or deviant behaviors

true

T/F: generally speaking, all of the following are suitable targets for motivated offenders:

- those convenience stores w/o any security apparatuses

- single women who did not return home until midnight

- prostitutes who "do business" in the street during midnight

true

T/F: in terms of classification, light and/or small things (ex: wallet and passport) are soft targets for motivated offenders

true

T/F: in terms of classification, big and/or heavy things (ex: locked car and gun safe) are hard targets for burglars

true

T/F: in terms of classification, unattended babies, young children, and single old women are soft targets for motivated offenders

true

T/F: in terms of classification, both convenience stores with alarm system and martial art instructors are hard targets for robbers

true

T/F: generally speaking, motivated offenders must possess special skill(s) or knowledge in order to gain access to (or control) soft targets

false: hard

T/F: generally speaking, motivated offenders must possess special skill(s) or knowledge if they want to access to (or control) hard targets

true

T/F: according to modern rational choice theory, human rationality is limited. This trait suggests that less-educated people can predict/evaluate the outcomes of their behaviors as objective/accurate as well-educated persons

false: cannot

T/F: according to rational choice theory, one of the methods for criminologists and sociologists to determine whether criminals/deviants will receive certain punishments is to measure the incarceration rates of arrested criminals

true

T/F: given that people have reasoning capacity to calculate the possible outcome(s) of their actions, severe punishments usually can effectively deter crime

false: cannot

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, some of the factors that can prevent the phenomenon crime displacement from taking place include, but are not limited to, personal skills, information, legal punishment, and expected cost/benefits

true

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, classic rational choice theorists assume that people usually can make rational decisions, regardless of decision maker's emotional status or educational level

true

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, modern rational choice theorists argue that crimes do not have the same properties (i.e., each crime has certain choice-structuring properties). Accordingly, it's extremely difficult, if not impossible, for people (especially amateur criminals) to get involved in different types of crimes simultaneously

true

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, the concept of choice-structuring property is advanced by Derek Cornish and Ronald Clark

true

T/F: from the perspective of crime displacement, arson and burglary share the same choice-structuring properties because both of them are property crimes

false: do not share, even if both property crimes

T/F: in terms of the possibility of being killed by the police at crime scene, unarmed robbery usually is riskier than armed robbery

false: less risky

T/F: in terms of opportunity structure, the following social environment can be characterized by slum areas:

High So M + High So T + Low So G

false: natural disaster stricken

T/F: in terms of opportunity structure, the following social environment can be characterized by gated communities:

High So M + High So T + High So G

false: downtowns

T/F: in terms of opportunity structure, the following social environment can be characterized by impoverished rural towns:

Low So M + High So T + Low So G

false: church concentrated neighborhoods

T/F: in terms of research specialty, Larry Cohen is a modern rational choice theorist

true

T/F: in terms of research orientation, both Ronald Clarke and Marcus Felson are modern rational choice theorists

true

which of the following can serve as a capable guardian of crime/delinquency?

a. German shepherd

b. your roomate

c. your boy/girl friend

d. alarm system of your house

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

in terms of purpose, the research focus of classical rational choice theory is on the _________ of crime/deviance.

a. elimination

b. prevention

c. categorization

d. rehabilitation

e. prediction

b. prevention

the philosophy of ________ laid a foundation for modern American criminal justice policies.

a. shock incarceration

b. re-education

c. rehabilitation

d. deterrence

e. treatment

d. deterrence

theoretically speaking, which of the following may not be able to serve as capable guardians?

a. school teachers

b. your neighbors

c. young babies

d. insane persons

e. c and d

e. c and d

which of the following concept about human nature is rejected by rational choice theorists?

a. reason

b. calculation

c. conditional free will

d. determinism

e. self-interest

d. determinism

which of the following can deter crime?

a. target-hardening

b. neighborhood watch

c. defensible space architecture

d. elimination of hot spot

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

the legacy of classical rational choice theorists includes everything but ___________.

a. making modern criminal justice system more humane

b. advancing the idea of pure rationality

c. helping modern criminology to take shape

d. rejecting the idea that capital punishment can deter crime

e. suggesting that racial minorities are a dangerous class

e. suggesting that racial minorities are a dangerous class

compared to classical rational choice theorists, modern rational choice theorists tend to emphasize _________ as the root cause of crime/deviance

a. age

b. educational level

c. perceived criminal opportunity

d. gender

e. all of the above

c. perceived criminal opportunity

which of the following, according to modern rational choice theorists, is less capable of exercising rationality of free choice?

a. the elderly

b. the insane

c. young children

d. morons

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

which of the following can improve/increase our rationality?

a. victim experience

b. education

c. financial hardship

d. academic training

e. all of the above

e. all of the above