ANSC 2060 HORSES PART 2 & 3

A great deal of weight and stress is placed on horse's

legs

At a run, _____% of all a horse's body weight is placed on 1 limb momentarily

100%

Modern breeding has caused horses to have _______ but ________ bones​

strong but lighter

each of a horse's foot is so vascular that you can say that each one needs its own heart

heart

How many hearts does a horse have

1 four chambered or 5 hearts

a horse's Hoof wall composed of __________

keratin​

the hoof grows downward from the ____________ _____________

coronary band​

in between hoof wall and 3rd phalanx​

Laminae

___________ nourishes wall and coronary band

laminae

Sole of hoof is shaped as a __________ for gripping surfaces​

concave

provides a grip on ground​ for horses

frog

Hoof acts like mini _______

heart

Uneven weight will cause the laminae on the other hooves to inflame, this is called ____________

laminitis

laminitis can cause a restriction in blood flow called__________

necrosis

Horses cannot lie down or be suspended for weeks because it causes __________________ ________________ and _____________ from fluid accumulation in lungs​

Pressure sores and pneumonia

is a horse a herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore

herbivore

is a horse a grazer or browser

grazer

horse have ______________ teeth to cut and grind

flat

two sections of a horse's teeth

incisors and molars

horses have canines and ____________ teeth

wolf teeth

are foals born with or without teeth

without teeth

are horses hypsodont or brachydont animals

hypsodont

Hypsodont dentition

high crowned molars that continue to erupt throughout life

Don't look a _________ horse in the mouth

gift

do horses chew up and down or side to side

side to side

Sharp points along the edges of a horse's teeth if not _____ __________

ground properly

removal of sharp points from the cheek side of the horses' upper teeth and from the tongue side of the lower teeth is called

floating

how many hours a day do horses eat

20 hours

Modern horse keeping puts horses in stalls with ________ feeding schedules and ___________ eating positions.

fixed, unnatural

Hay and forages require _______ jaw sweeps (short or long)

long

grains require __________ jaw sweeps

short

Feeding large amounts of grain will cause teeth to be worn __________ (even or uneven)

uneven

a horse being a hind-gut fermenter allows for simple carbs (starch) to be digested in the ____________ and larger more complex carbs (hay, grass, oat hulls) be digested by bacteria in the ___________

foregut, hindgut

in a horse's mouth, feeds mix with saliva to make a _________ _______

moist bolus ​

Horses produce ______________ liters of saliva/day​

20-80

Bicarbonate

buffer and protects amino acids in the stomach

Amylase

assists in carb digestion

an adult horse's esophagus is _____m long

1.5

horses have ________________ reflux capacity​

little to no

a horse's stomach is very _________ compared to size of animal​ (small or large)

small

a horse's stomach has a __ gallon capacity, and takes up________% of entire digestive tract

2 gallon, 8-10 %

a horse naturally needs to eat small amounts of_____________ often

forages

a horse's full stomach can be emptied in ___ min and move down the SI at about ___ ft/min, reaching the caecum in _________ hrs

12 minutes, 1 ft/min, 1.5 hrs

With domestication horses are now expected to eat __________ amounts of concentrate once or twice a day​

large

a horse's stomach contains___________ and _______________ ____________

pepsin and hydrochloric acid

pepsin and hydrochloric acid​ initiates digestion and degradation of _________ and __________

fats and proteins​

Long periods of time without food (and saliva) causes the acidity of the stomach to increase, which causes ____________

ulcers​

a horse's small intestine makes up approx _______% of the horses' digestive tract, is ____________m long and has a volume of ____________ liters​

28%, 15-22m, 55-70 liters​

horses cannot digest fats very well because they lack a _____________

gallbladder

normal ration of fats given to a horse

3-4%

horses can utilize up to ____________ of fats

20%

Major site of digestion and nutrient absorption of a horse

small intestine

passage in the small intestine if a horse takes approx __________ min​

30-90 min​

a horse's ____________ and _____________​ contains active population of bacteria and protozoa's​

large intestine and caecum

a horse's large intestine and caecum break down fibrous feeds into ____________ ___________ ____________ ____________ ____________​ and Starches that reach the hindgut get turned into and ____________ __________

short chained volatile fatty acids​ and lactic acid

Severe, often fluctuating pain in the abdomen caused by intestinal gas or obstruction in the intestines​, which is the Most feared condition in horses​

colic

a horse Rolling, pawing, sweating, looking at flank, loss of appetite, lying down may be a sign of

colic

Horses not designed to eat _____________ feeds nor__________ amounts 1, 2, or 3 times a day​ (small or large amount)

concentrated feeds nor large amounts

impaction colic

intestine becomes blocked by a firm mass of food

gas colic

build up of gas in the intestine

Torsion

twisting of the intestines

enteritis/colitis

inflammation of the small intestine

Sand Colic

build up of sand in intestines

Drugs to control pain and bowel spasms​

Fecal softeners and lubricants administered by stomach tube ​

Rectal exam to remove impactions or twists​

Walking​

Surgery for some ​

THESE ARE ALL TREATMENTS OF _______________ IN HORSES

colic

Regular parasite control​

Feed horse regularly and make changes slowly​

Avoid low quality feeds​

Prevent horses from eating sand or gravel​

Great management and feeding practices​

THESE ARE PREVENTION METHODS ______________ OF IN HORSES

colic

age of puberty in horses

12-24 months

reproductive lifespan of horses

15 - 20 yrs​

horses are _______________ polyestrous and ___________ day breeders

seasonally, long

breeding season of horses

April - October​

Estrus cycle of horses

21 days

gestation of horse

11 months (340 days)

horses are usually bred to foal in what season

spring

When is a horse's birthday?

January 1st

position a foal is born in

front feet first with head between legs​

____________ is imperative to foals​

Colostrum

horses have a _______________ field of vision and good ___________________ vision (wide or narrow) (monocular or binocular)

wide, binocular

do horses see vivid or lighter shades of color

lighter

horses hear ______ (poorly or well)

well

______________________ used to locate food, identify other animals or people, ▫Bonding of a mare with her foal

flehmen reaction

taste horses love

sweet and salty

horses have _____________ skin (rough or sensitive)

sensitive

the first response of a horse when they fell endangered

flee, bite, or kick

horses live in herds with a dominant __________

mare

_____________ ______________ strenghtens bonds between individual horses

mutual grooming

most natural location for a horse

pasture

advantage of pastures for horses

exhibit natural behavior, have a complete diet with supplementation

disadvantages of pastures

maintenance, parasites, wildlife can harm horses, cant get to horse's easily everyday

stables advantage

can easily check horse daily

stables disadvantage

standing still, fixed feeding schedule, less excercise

____________ Absorb urine and helps keep horse clean and adds comfort to stall

bedding