SCIENCE QUARTER 1

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35 Terms

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Force

Any push or pull that causes movement or stops movement.

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Applied force

Force exerted on an object through direct pushing or pulling.

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Gravitational force

Force exerted by gravity, calculated as mass times gravity (weight).

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Normal force

Force perpendicular to the surface an object is in contact with; absent without surface contact.

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Elastic force

Force present in springs.

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Tension force

Force present in cables, strings, or cords.

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Frictional force

Force generated by two surfaces in contact or sliding against each other.

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Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)

A body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion continues in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.

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Newton's Second Law (Law of Acceleration)

Acceleration is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass (A = f/m).

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Newton's Third Law (Law of Interaction)

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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Uniform circular motion

Motion that allows an object to follow a circular path at a constant speed.

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Centripetal force

Center-seeking force, calculated as v²/r.

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Work

Force causing the movement or displacement of an object (W = Fd).

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Power

The rate at which work is done; measured in watts.

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Potential energy

Energy possessed by an object due to its position (MGH).

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Kinetic energy

Energy present in a moving object (½ mv²).

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Sound

Vibration that travels through air or another medium, produced by vibrating matter.

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Medium

Material that transfers energy from one substance to another.

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Wave

Disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another.

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Mechanical waves

Waves that require a medium for transmission.

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Electromagnetic wave

Waves that do not require a medium for transmission.

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Sound speed

Sound travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases.

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Light

An electromagnetic wave that stimulates sight and makes things visible.

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Reflection

The bouncing back of waves.

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Refraction

The bending of light when it passes through different media.

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Diffraction

The bending of a wave when it passes through a gap or around edges.

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Polarization

The property of light waves that allows unpolarized light to vibrate in one direction or plane.

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Heat

Energy transfer from one system to another due to a temperature difference.

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Temperature

A measure of how hot or cold an object is.

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Thermometer

Instrument used to measure temperature.

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Freezing point (Celsius)

0°C.

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Boiling point (Celsius)

100°C.

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Freezing point (Fahrenheit)

32°F.

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Boiling point (Fahrenheit)

212°F.

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Kelvin

Temperature scale where 0 is absolute zero, with no negative values.