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Force
Any push or pull that causes movement or stops movement.
Applied force
Force exerted on an object through direct pushing or pulling.
Gravitational force
Force exerted by gravity, calculated as mass times gravity (weight).
Normal force
Force perpendicular to the surface an object is in contact with; absent without surface contact.
Elastic force
Force present in springs.
Tension force
Force present in cables, strings, or cords.
Frictional force
Force generated by two surfaces in contact or sliding against each other.
Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)
A body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion continues in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Newton's Second Law (Law of Acceleration)
Acceleration is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass (A = f/m).
Newton's Third Law (Law of Interaction)
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Uniform circular motion
Motion that allows an object to follow a circular path at a constant speed.
Centripetal force
Center-seeking force, calculated as v²/r.
Work
Force causing the movement or displacement of an object (W = Fd).
Power
The rate at which work is done; measured in watts.
Potential energy
Energy possessed by an object due to its position (MGH).
Kinetic energy
Energy present in a moving object (½ mv²).
Sound
Vibration that travels through air or another medium, produced by vibrating matter.
Medium
Material that transfers energy from one substance to another.
Wave
Disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another.
Mechanical waves
Waves that require a medium for transmission.
Electromagnetic wave
Waves that do not require a medium for transmission.
Sound speed
Sound travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases.
Light
An electromagnetic wave that stimulates sight and makes things visible.
Reflection
The bouncing back of waves.
Refraction
The bending of light when it passes through different media.
Diffraction
The bending of a wave when it passes through a gap or around edges.
Polarization
The property of light waves that allows unpolarized light to vibrate in one direction or plane.
Heat
Energy transfer from one system to another due to a temperature difference.
Temperature
A measure of how hot or cold an object is.
Thermometer
Instrument used to measure temperature.
Freezing point (Celsius)
0°C.
Boiling point (Celsius)
100°C.
Freezing point (Fahrenheit)
32°F.
Boiling point (Fahrenheit)
212°F.
Kelvin
Temperature scale where 0 is absolute zero, with no negative values.
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Flashcard (21)