2022 Hoard's Dairyman

Carbohydrates often make up what percentage of a cow’s energy needs?

70-80%

If a cow is “slug feeding,” what is it doing?

Eating a large meal all at once

Amino acids are the building blocks for protein, but what compound is a building block for amino acids?

Ammonia nitrogen

What is the limiting factor for ruminants to digest fiber?

Lignin

The longest particles of a ration will be retained on the top sieve of a Penn State Particle Separator. That sieve has openings that are how big?

19 millimeters

Baleage should be dried to what percent dry matter?

40% to 55%

What two crops are referred to as the “king and queen” of forages?

Corn silage and alfalfa

What is the target pH for corn silage?

4

What by-product do U.S. dairy cows eat at the highest rate?

Corn distillers grains

What is a recommended goal for feed refusals for high-producing cows?

1% to 3%

Calves begin having trouble regulating body temperature when the environmental temperature drops below what level?

59°F

What is the maximum length of time a multiparous cow may be dry before future lactations will be negatively affected?

80 days

In animals treated with medication, dehydration can have what effect on the time it takes the drug to clear the animal’s body?

Extends

Milk letdown may be inhibited if cows experience rough handling up to how long before milking?

30 minutes

Which of the following is not a class of teat dip?

Formaldehyde

Heat-stressed cows will have elevated respiration rates of at least how many breaths per minute?

60

Of the following, which does forestripping not achieve?

Encourages the flow of adrenaline

What is the primary way to control body condition score (BCS) at first insemination?

Manage BCS during late lactation and the dry period

While older cows typically peak at 40 to 60 days in milk (DIM), when do first-lactation cows usually peak?

80 to 100 DIM

A rule of thumb is to avoid overcrowding if 30% or more of a milking pen is what type of animal?

First-lactation cows

HVLS fans are often the choice for compost-bedded pack barns. What does HVLS stand for?

High volume, low speed

Debris buildup can reduce fan efficiency by up to how much?

40%

In an anerobic digester system, what does RNG stand for?

Renewable natural gas

Cows display longer heats on what kind of footing?

Dry lots

Natural ventilation works best in a facility with multiple barns if the barns are at least how far apart?

100 feet

What part of the barn should be the top priority when ensuring proper ventilation?

Stalls

Footbaths should be 10 to 12 feet long, 2 feet wide, and how deep?

10 inches

Orient calf housing which direction to maximize airflow?

East to west

Milk harvesting and milk cooling may account for about what percent of total farm energy use?

44%

What is the most common micronutrient deficiency in field corn?

Zinc

What nutrient has the chemical symbol P?

Phosphorus

Lignin serves what purpose in the plant?

Provide strength and rigidity

What is the ideal soil pH for most forage crops?

6 to 7

One ton of corn silage may contain how many bushels of corn grain?

7 to 8

If you are interseeding alfalfa with corn, the alfalfa should be seeded before the corn reaches what stage

V2

Alfalfa must dry down to at least what percent moisture for hay baling?

14% to 18%

Which of the following is not an action that many crops may take when they experience heat stress?

Accelerate transpiration

Modern benchmarks for corn kernel processing score generally include a top performance around what score?

75%

Agricultural lime serves what main purpose as a fertilizer?

Elevate soil pH

Which bovine chromosome is larger and contains approximately 4% more DNA?

X chromosome

Administering what reproductive hormone promotes regression of the corpus luteum?

Prostaglandin (PGF)

What is the term that refers to an animal having many related ancestors that were born decades ago?

Ancient inbreeding

How many units of beef semen were sold in the U.S. last year?

8.7 million

In breeding, what does gEFI refer to?

Genomic future inbreeding

The average occurrence of cystic ovaries within a herd is estimated to be what?

10%

Liquid nitrogen in semen tanks is kept at what temperature?

-320°F

What is the ideal location for semen deposition in artificial insemination (A.I.)

Uterine body

If a calf has watery scours within the first 2 to 4 days of life, it is likely that the source is what bacteria?

E. coli

The environmental mastitis pathogen Prototheca is what kind of organism?

Algae

Skin “tenting” is a test that can be used to determine what in a calf?

Degree of dehydration

Why would a necropsy be done?

To determine cause of death

What is the most common abomasal condition in calves?

Ulcers

Cows that have recently calved experience a drop in blood concentration of what mineral?

Calcium

The idea that factors affecting the health and performance of a pregnant cow can also have long-term effects on the offspring is known as what?

Fetal programming

Which of the following is not a major factor in causing cattle to bunch together?

Lameness

What is the common name for listeriosis?

Circling disease

Bovine leukosis virus (BLV) affects what type of body cells?

White blood cells

Which of the following is not a current asset?

Accounts payable

What pasteurization method makes milk shelf stable for six months to a year?

Ultra-high temperature (UHT)

What country is the world’s largest dairy product importer?

China

Mozzarella surpassed Cheddar to become the U.S.’s most common cheese variety in what year?

2010

About what share of U.S. milk is priced under multiple component pricing?

92%

What type of dairy product is skyr?

Yogurt

What state has the greatest deficit of dairy products when comparing milk production to population?

Florida

In what season of the year are butter sales typically strongest?

Fall

Which of the following was not one of the four largest dairy cooperatives in the U.S. in 2021?

Associated Milk Producers Inc.

Americans ate how many pounds of cheese per person in 2021?

39.4