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Flashcards for CPUSH I Final Study Guide
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Nationalism
A strong sense of loyalty and devotion to one's nation, often placing its interests above those of other countries or regions.
Henry Clay
Politician who created the American System, a plan to strengthen and unify the nation's economy.
Missouri Compromise
A law passed in 1820 to relieve tension between the South and North over slave states.
McCulloch v. Maryland
A Supreme Court case in 1819 that affirmed Congress's power to create a national bank and prohibited states from taxing it.
Judicial Review
The power of the Supreme Court to decide if laws or actions by the government are unconstitutional.
Monroe Doctrine
A policy from 1823 that told European countries to stay out of North and South America.
Election of 1824/Corrupt Bargain
The election where no candidate won enough votes, and the House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams as president, leading to accusations of a "corrupt bargain."
Andrew Jackson
Seventh president of the United States, known as a leader for the "common man."
Spoils System
When Andrew Jackson gave government jobs to his friends and supporters, instead of choosing the most qualified people.
Nullification
Belief that states should be able to ignore federal law because it's unconstitutional.
Indian Removal Act
A law passed in 1830 that allowed the U.S government to force Native American tribes to move west of the Mississippi River.
Trail of Tears
The terrible journey many Native Americans had to take during the Indian Removal Act, where thousands died.
The Bank War
A fight between President Andrew Jackson and supporters of the national bank.
Immigration
Movement of people from Europe, Ireland, and Germany moved to America looking for jobs and a better life.
Industrial Revolution
A time when new machines and factories changed how people worked, making goods faster and cheaper.
Urbanization
More people moving to cities to find jobs in factories, which caused cities to grow quickly and become crowded.
Lowell Mill/Lowell Mill Girls
Textile factories that employed young women, called the Lowell Mill Girls, who worked long hours for low pay.
Railroads
Helped business grow, connected cities and towns, and made it easier for people to move west.
Age of Reform
A time in the early to mid 1800s when people tried to improve society by fixing problems like slavery, alcohol, abuse, poor education, and unfair treatment of women.
Temperance
Movement to get people to drink less alcohol or stop drinking it period.
Emancipation
The freeing of all enslaved people.
Seneca Falls Convention
The first big meeting for women’s rights in the U.S, held in 1848.
Declaration of Sentiments
The document written at the Seneca Falls Convention, which said that women should have equal rights, including the right to vote.
Nat Turner
An enslaved man who led a violent rebellion in Virginia in 1831 to fight against slavery.
Abolition
The historical process of ending the practice of slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison
Founded an anti-slavery newspaper called the Liberator.
Frederick Douglass
A prominent leader in the abolitionist movement as a self-emancipated African American.
Manifest Destiny
The belief that the United States was meant to expand across the continent.
James K. Polk
The 11th president of the United States, known for expanding the country’s land through the Mexican-American War.
Mexican-American War
Was fought after the U.S and Mexico disagreed over land, especially Texas. They signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Popular Sovereignty
The idea that people who live in a territory should have the right to decide for themselves if they want or don’t want slavery in their area.
Gold Rush
Thousands of people rushed to California hoping to get rich because Gold was found in 1848.
Sectional Balance
The idea of keeping an equal number of free and slave states in the U.S to keep the peace between the North and South.
States’ Rights
The idea that each state has the power to make its own laws and decisions
Underground Railroad
Secret network of people and safe places that helped enslaved African Americans escape to freedom in the North.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
These laws emphasized the fact that if a slave ran away from their owner, their owner could go to any state, slave or free and capture them back into slavery.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
A book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe to show other people about the true horrors of slavery.
Bleeding Kansas
After popular sovereignty was the decision, there were many fights breaking out and lots of violence in Kansas between people who were pro and antislavery.
Dred Scott v. Sanford
A Supreme Court case where Dred Scott, an enslaved man, sued for his freedom, arguing that his time in free territories made him free. The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Roger Taney, ruled against Scott, stating that enslaved people were not citizens and had no right to sue. The court also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, further limiting Congress's power to regulate slavery in the territories.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
During the debates, Lincoln showed potential for congressmen. While Lincoln did not win the election for Congress, He was now known by the people and considered for other positions.
John Brown
An abolitionist, who believed that only way to get rid of slavery was through violence
Harpers Ferry
The place where John Brown started a famous slave rebellion
Secession
The south was upset about Abraham Lincoln. The South held conventions to discuss and they began to secede from the union. with other beliefs they made the Confederate state, and they began to fight.
Fort Sumter
Started the Civil War and forcing Fort Sumter to surrender
Confederate States of America
A group of Southerners that broke away from the United States in 1861 because they wanted to keep slavery and believed in states’ rights.
Border States
Slave states that stayed in the Union during the Civil War
Writ of Habeas Corpus
Suspending writs of habeas corpus means the government can arrest and hold people without giving thm a trial right away.
Draft Riots
Happened in 1863 in New York City when people protested being forced to join the army during the Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation
Freed all the slaves in the rebellion states= Confederate states.
Gettysburg Address
Was after the war of Gettysburg was given to honor all the people that died in the war. It also introduced the first national cemetery.
Sherman’s March/Total War
Shermn created the Total War tactic which destoryed everything in it’spresence for exmaple suppiles, civilans, soilders, and more.
Ulysses S Grant
Key leader fot teh Nirth during the Civil War/. He was known for being determined and agressive, winning important battles like Vicksburg and finally accperting teh surrender of teh Confedare army. Garnt later became teh 18th peresident of the United states.
Robert E. Lee
Decided to stay with his state- VA, turned down the position of UNion Gerenal and decided to help the Confedearte side.
Reconstruction Amendments - 13th, 14th, 15th
The 13th amendment abolished slavery throughout the whole united states, the 14th amendment allowed people citizenship in 1868, the 15th amendment guraneeted males despite their race or color to vote
Freedmen’s Bureau
This was a plan created to give former slaves food, Clothing, Shelter, Medical care, reunification with Families, Legal aid, Employment agencies, Education.
Andrew Johnson
Became president after Abrham Lincoln was killed and got into arguemnets woth Congress over how to rebulid the South after the Civil War.
Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws
Laws that restricted black people's rights and tried to put them back into a dependent labor force without poltical rights.
Scalawags/Carpetbaggers
These are degotary terms used in the south. Carpetbaggers were terms used against people apart from the Union who came down to help reconstruction in the south. Scalawags are Southerners who were for reconsturction and they were called them.
Compromise of 1877
Ended a close presidential election and also ended Ahyes became president, and in return, U. S troops were reomved from the South, which allowed white Southerners to take control again and limit Black Rights.
Sharecropping/Tenant Farming
Black farmers leased their land to from Landowners
Poll Tax
Required voters to pay for the ability to vote.
Literacy Test
A reading or writing test that some states made people take before they could vote.
Grandfather Clauses
States that you had the right to vote and also had the right to vote. ( By passing literacy test or poll taxes)
Disenfranchisement
Is the state of being deprived of a right or privilege, epsically to right to vote
Lynching
Hanging was used against many African American in the South to scare and control them through violence and racism.
Ku Klux Klan/Southern Resistance
They wanted to retsore white supremacy na dthey wnated to stop blakc polotics. They wanted to stop blakc people fromv oting .
Plessy v. Ferguson
Said segregation was legal as long as things were “ separate but equal”
Ida B. Wells
She spoke out aginst lynchinng and fought for the rights of AFrican Americans and women.
Mary Church Terrell
One of the first Black owmen ro earn a college degree and worked for civil rightf, womens rights, and better education for African Americans.
Booker T. Washington
Believed that Black people should gain respect by working hard, learning trades, and proving their valye trhough success.
W.E.B. DuBois
Disagree and thought Black people should demane equal rights, highe education, and fight against racsim right away.
Niagara Movement
Started by W.E.B Du Bois and others in 1905 to fight for full civil rights and against racism.
N.A.A.C.P.
Was formed in 1909 to contie that fight by using the courts, protest, and education to stop segregation and protect Black rights.