7.1 Chemical Equilibria

Dynamic equilibrium
> rate of f__ reaction = rate of b__ reaction in a c__ s__
> reactants & products are constantly m__ & conc. is constant (not equal)

forward, backward, closed system, moving

Le Chatelier’s Principle: i_ _ c__ i_ m__ t_ _ s__ a_ d__ e__, t__ e__ p__ m__ t_ m__ t__ c__

if a change is made to a system at dynamic equilibrium, the equil pos moves to minimise the change

Le Chatelier:
> incr temp f__ the e__ side so the e__ p__ will s__ in that d__ (vice versa)
> as the change is being m__ (a__ energy)

favours, endothermic, equil pos, shift, direction, minimised, absorbs

Le Chatelier:
> incr pressure f__ the side w/ __ moles so the e__ p__ will s__ in that d__ (vice versa)
> as the change is being m__

favours, less, equil pos, shift, direction, minimised

Le Chatelier:
> incr conc of reactants = e__ p__ shifts __ (vice versa)

equil pos, right

Le Chatelier:
> c__ will incr R__ of f__ & reverse e__, so equilibrium is reached f__ (NO effect on e__ p__)

catalysts, RoR, forward, equally, faster, equil pos

Kc = p__/r__
> s__ & H__(l) are ignored
> is s__ & only changes w/ __

products/reactants, solids, H2O, specific, temp

Kc ICE example

a __
b __
c __
d __
e __

-0.6, -0.3, +0.6, 0.7, 0.6

Kp = p__/r__
> mole fraction = s__’s m__ / t__ m__
> partial pressure = m__ f__ x t__ p__

products, reactants, species moles / total moles, mole fraction, total pressure

Haber Process
> __(g) + 3__(g) ←→ 2__(g) exothermic
> pressure: __atm
>> as forward has __ moles, incr p__ = e__ p__ shifts __ = incr NH₃ & incr f__ of collisions
>> BUT too h__ = e__ & needs s__ equipment

N2, H2, NH3, 200, less, pressure, equil pos, right, freq, high, expensive, strong

Haber Process
> temp: __C
>> f__ is exothermic, so __ heat = e__ p__ shifts __ = incr NH₃
>> BUT too l__ = s__ R__

450, forward, less, equil pos, right, low, slow RoR

Haber Process
> catalyst: __
>> increases R__ w/out affecting e__ p__ (too s__ w/out ts)
> NH₃ removed by c__ & condensing → l__ (equil pos shifts further r__)
>> stored at l__ temps as it d__ slower (as the reaction is exo & there’s no c__ here)

iron, RoR, equil pos, slow, cooling, liquid, right, low, decomposes, catalyst

Contact Process
> 2__(g) + __(g) ←→ 2__(g) exothermic
> pressure: __atm
>> forward has l__ moles so more p__ = equil pos shfts r__ = more SO₃ & incr c__ freq
>> BUT K_p is alr h__ at l__ pressures so ts value is used

SO2, O2, SO3, 1, less, pressure, right, collision, high, low

Contact Process
> temp: __C
>> forward is e__ so l__ heat = equil pos shifts r__ = more SO₃
>> BUT too low = s__ RoR

450, exo, less, right, slow

Contact Process
> catalyst: __(_) __ (__)
>> increases R__ w/out affecting e__ p__ (too slow w/out ts)
>> SO₃ removed by absorbing into conc. H__ → o__ (H₂S₂O₇)
>> this shifts the equil pos more r__

vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5, RoR, equil pos, H2SO4, oleum, right