politics chapter 3

According to Lewis Henry Morgan, all human societies passed through which three stages?

Savagery, barbarism, and civilization

Marx and Engels argued that societies developed through a series of historical stages including:

Primitive communism, feudalism, and bourgeois society

True or false: Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection influenced scholars explaining human societal development.

True

Herbert Spencer believed that competition among societies would allow:

Stronger or "superior" societies to dominate weaker ones

What was one major problem with early evolutionary theories of society?

They were often racist and used to justify colonialism

Franz Boas and his students challenged early evolutionary theories by arguing that:

Human behavior was shaped primarily by culture

Which anthropologist developed the four-level classification of bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states?

Elman Service

Which sequence correctly presents Elman Service's stages of political organization?

Bands - tribes - chiefdoms - states

Service's classification describes societies according to increasing levels of:

Political and social complexity

Tribal organization became possible primarily because of:

Agriculture and permanent settlement

True or false: Tribal societies existed before human beings lived in small nomadic bands.

False

One reason agriculture required a new form of social organization was that it:

Greatly increased population density

For thousands of years, human beings lived mainly in:

Small groups of nomadic families

Band-level societies were generally organized around:

Nuclear families and close relatives

Why was private ownership of land generally absent in band-level societies?

Nomadic groups had little reason to claim permanent land

Hunting encouraged the sharing of food because:

Meat could not easily be stored for long periods

True or false: In band-level societies, refusing to share food could be considered a serious moral violation.

True

Which statement best describes equality in band-level societies?

There was generally little permanent hierarchy

Compared with hunter-gatherer societies, agricultural societies generally had:

Higher population density

Fukuyama describes tribal societies as "segmentary." What does this mean?

They consist of similar, self-sufficient social units

The different segments of a tribal society may unite temporarily for:

Self-defense against an outside enemy

True or false: Tribal segments usually remain permanently united after a common danger disappears.

False

Tribal societies are commonly organized around the belief in:

Common descent from an ancestor

What is agnation?

Descent traced through the male line

The expression "Me against my brother, me and my brother against my cousin…" illustrates that:

Tribal alliances change according to the level of the threat

True or false: Common descent in tribal societies was always based on scientifically accurate biological relationships.

False

"Fictive kinship" refers to:

Treating unrelated people as members of a kinship group

What is the principal difference between authority and power?

Authority is accepted influence, while power includes the ability to compel

Leaders in band-level societies usually exercised authority rather than power because they:

Could persuade people but had few means of coercion

True or false: Leadership positions in band-level societies could normally be inherited by the leader's children.

False

According to Fukuyama, how did belief in dead ancestors help create larger tribal communities?

It created obligations among people who believed they shared common ancestors

Why could tribes held together by common religious beliefs become more militarily powerful than bands?

They could mobilize thousands of kinsmen for a common purpose