Chapter 11 The American pageant 16th Edition

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Acquisition of Louisiana Territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States opening vast tracts for settlement.

Historical Significance:

US gained land and resources, control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans, movement west will be encouraged and the Oregon Trail will be established through Lewis and Clark's Expeditions

Orders-in-Council (1806-1807)

Edicts issued by the British crown closing French owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties.

Historical Significance:

US will react to the Embargo Act, which was harmful to the US economy, the US will attempt to use the embargo to protect US neutrality. When the embargo failed the US changed to the Noninterrcourse Act and later Macon's Bill Number 2

Impressment

act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. it was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period.

Historical Significance:

Jay's Treaty failed to resolve the issue and the issue will lead to the War of 1812

Chesapeake Affair (1807)

Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on an American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia.

Historical Significance: violation of US neutrality rights

Embargo Act (1807)

Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the act banned the export of all goods from the Untied States to any foreign ports. The embargo placed great strains on the American economy, while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809

Historical Significance:

caused economic problems for the country

fails to get Britain and France to respect American neutrality, leads to Nonintercourse Act and Macon's Bill No 2

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect.

Historical Significance:

little impact on making Britain or France respect American neutrality

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the non-repealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war.

Historical Significance: America plays into Napoleon's scheme; they are unable to push for American interests

war hawks (1811-1812)

Democratic-Republican congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

Historical Significance: Democratic-Republicans will emerge after the war as the dominant and only political party

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Shawnee brothers, known as "the Prophet" to non-Indians, and they began to weld together a confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi, and inspired a movement to Indian unity.

Historical Significance:

The Prophet will lead the Shawnee in the battle of Tippecanoe, his loss will end the efforts of an Indian Confederacy

Tecumseh will ally with the British and die in the War of 1812

Battle of Tippecanoe

the Prophet vs William Henry Harrison, Tecumseh was gone, and the Shawnee's village was burned. This made Harrison a national hero, and discredited the Prophet, and drove Tecumseh into an alliance with the British.

Historical Significance: William Henry Harrison will become a national hero; he will later become president

James Madison

He asked Congress to declare war on Britain on June 1, 1812, and Congress voted yes. Support came from the south and West, and his war was called Mr. Madison's War.

election of 1800

Known as the Revolution of 1800, no federalist became president after this.

Historical Significance: First time there was a peaceful transfer of power

Jefferson's presidency

The majority will always prevail, but the minority still has the right to an opinion

Madison vs Marbury

James Madison, the new secretary of state, had cut judge Marbury's salary; Marbury sued James Madison for his pay. The court ruled that Marbury had the right to his pay, but the court did not have the authority to force Madison to give Marbury his pay.

Historical Significance: Most importantly, this decision showed that the Supreme Court had the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution.

Aaron Burr

former vice president to Thomas Jefferson, his plan was to become governor of New York and secede from the US with New England

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

Historical Significance: leads to the midnight judges and Marbury vs Madison case which established judicial review

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Historical Significance: leads to Marbury v Madison which established judicial review of the Supreme Court

Tripolitan War

Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli.

Historical Significance: established the need for military, America will begin to realize the necessity of asserting our trade rights

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the Americas.

Historical Significance: Napoleon will be willing to sell the Louisiana Territory because of a loss of troops to fighting and Yellow Fever. Also with the loss of Saint Domingo he does not need the food resources from the territory

Corps of Discovery (1804-1806)

Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the West.

Historical Significance: Their expedition will open up westward travel over the Oregon Trail

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

3rd President of the United States

Embargo Act

Barbary Pirates

Louisiana Purchase

Sally Hemmings

Slave of Thomas Jefferson's who federalists said that he had children with.

Albert Gallatin

He was an American politician, diplomat, and Secretary of the Treasury. He was responsible for balancing the budget, which let America purchase the Louisiana territory from France.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Samuel Chase

Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate

Napoleon Bonaparte

Sold the Louisiana Territory to the U.S

Robert R. Livingston (1746-1813)

American statesman who served as minister to France from 1801-1804 and negotiated the purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Merriweather Lewis

personal secretary who Jefferson sent to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase.

William Clark

A skilled mapmaker and outdoors man chosen to explore the Louisiana Territory

Sacajawea

A Native American woman who proved an indispensable guide to Lewis and Clark during their 1804-1806 expedition. She showed the men how to forage for food and helped them maintain good relations with tribes in the Northwest.