A&P test stuff 8/2026 pt2

not every single thing just main concept/topic

desmosomes?

example with desmosomes and what does desmosomes do in that example?

cells attaching tightly to each other

skin: desmosomes keep the skin cells attached to each other as the skin gets pulled, strectched, etc

primary vs secondary active transport?

primary uses ATP directly

secondary dont use ATP directy, instead uses energy stored in an ion gradient created by primary transport

usually when we see symport or antiport, they are talking about what type of transport?

symport/antiport is mainly about (1 word)…

primary/secondary is mainly about (2 words)…

secondary active transport

direction, energy source

channels are…

protein tunnels through the cell membrane that allow specific substances/ions to cross

voltage-gated channel:

ligand-gated channel:

mechanically gated:

opens when the voltages/charge changes

opens when a chemical binds to it

opens when the membrane is physically stretched, pushed, pulled, or deformed

ECM (extracellular matrix)?

CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)?

material outside cells that provides support and structure

proteins that help cells stick to other cells or to the ECM

sodium (na+) concentration outside the cell vs inside the cell?

sodium wants to move where?

potassium (K+) concentration outside the cell vs inside the cell?

potassium want to move where?

outside: high Na+ concentration & inside: low Na+ concentration

inside cell

outside: low K+ concentration & inside: high K+ concentration

outside cell

Superior

toward the head/top

Inferior

toward the feet/bottom

Anterior

toward the front

Posterior

toward the back

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment

Distal

farther from the point of attachment

Superficial

toward the surface

Deep

farther inside the body

Ipsilateral

same side

Contralateral

opposite side

Intermediate

between two structures

Central

toward the center (of a structure or body area)

Peripheral

away from the center (of a structure or body area)

Parietal

attached to the body wall

Visceral

attached/covering the organs