Intro to personality, Freud, Alder, Jung, Klein, Horney (ch 1-6) (Intro, psychoanalysis, individual psych, analytic psych, object relations theory, psychoanalytic social theory) | Quizlet

Psychoanalytic Social Theory

personality development is influenced by social and cultural factors, particularly the need for security and love in childhood, and how anxiety from unmet needs leads to behaviors like neurotic patterns and the search for validation

3rd aspect Neurotic pride

pride based on an idealized view of self, they are glorious, wonderful, perfect, avoid ppl who won't agree with this view as it would hurt their pride

ego

starts to form at first feeding

all experiences are evaluated by the ego and related to the good and bad breast

Freud combined what to create his theory

philosophical speculations and scientific method

Freud created a Grand Theory which..

attempts to explain all personalities of all people

to him, ________ to his clients was the method that began his road to knowledge

LISTENING

personality comes from latin word persona, meaning a theoretical mask (persona) to project a role or false appearance--NOT GOOD

What is Personality

no single definition, but it is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior

Psychology of personality

the scientific study of the psychological forces that make people uniquely themselves

traits

contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior overtime, and stability of behavior across situations

may be unique, common to a group, or shared w/whole species

they may be common in a species but_____is different

the pattern for each individual

characteristics

unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence

temperament

emotional reactivity and intensity

we know theory doesnt = facts or truth, just to generate research and organize observations

theory --accepted as IF it were true

a SET (not one) of RELATED assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate TESTABLE hypothesis

IF-THEN statements: IF child brought up in isolation, THEN child will not learn language

logical deductive reasoning

used to formulate hypothesis--start with theory and use LDR to get to the hypothesis --bridge

going from the general to the specific

inductive reasoning

going from specific to general

altering theory--as theory grows and changes, other hypotheses can be drawn from it--alters theory to reflect results

taxonomy

classification of things according to their natural relationships --can evolve into theory

what relates closely to theory

philosophy because its abt the pursuit of knowledge

Epistomology

the nature of knowledge

theories rely on what relative

speculation --tied to empirical (conducted with the 5 senses or instruments that use the 5 senses to gather data that is rigorous, systematic, and unbiased) research and data

corner stones of theory

speculation and empirical observations

hypothesis

an educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to be tested using the scientific method

theory=too general

theory=give birth to hypo, more specific

Why different theories?

built on assumptions that are subject to individual interpretation --theories depend on ability to generating research and data rather than agreeability

Perspective in theories of personality:

psychodynamic theories

freud

focuses on early childhood experiences and relationships with parents as guiding forces that shape personality development

unconscious mind and motives more powerful than conscious awareness

psychoanalysis--dream interpretation to uncover unconscious thoughts, feelings, impulses: to treat neurosis and mental illness

key ppl in psycho

freud

alder

jung

klein

horney

Erickson

humanistic-existential theories

positive psych

ppl strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, happiness, and psych health--pos emotions and happiness foster better psyche

driven by a search for meaning but also negative experiences like failure, death, anxiety-can foster growth

key ppl in human

maslow

rodgers

may

dispositional theories

unique and long-term tendencies to behave in certain ways

traits like extraversion or anxiety are called traits--traits serve the function of making behaviors more likely in some ppl

key ppl

allport

McCrae and Costa

biological-evolutionary theories

Behavior, thought, feelings, and personality are influenced by differences in basic genetic, epigenetic, and neurological systems between individuals

these differences stem from genotype and CNS

shaped by evolution --always an interaction between nature and nurture --based on evolved brain systems

key ppl in bio

Eysenck

Buss

Learning (social) cog theories

only focus on behavior not hypothetical or unobservable states like thoughts

all behavior learned through association and consequences (reinforcement or punished)

what personality we have is shaped by how we think and perceive the world

KEY POINTS: What is personality?

What is a theory?

Theory and its relatives:

Why different theories?

Perspective in theories of personality:

Theorists' personalities and their theories on personality:

What makes a theory useful?

dimensions for a concept of humanity:

research in personality theory:

key ppl in social

skinner

bandura

rotter

mischel

kelly

Theorists' personalities and their theories on personality:

psychology of science

personal traits of scientists --studying personality since personality theory grows from theorists own personalities

What makes a theory useful?

generates research, is falsifiable, organizes data, guides action, is internally consistent, is parsimonious

parsimonious

simple and straightforward theories

internally consistent

must be consistent with itself --good construct validity, good operationalization

guides action,

provides a structure for finding answers --the if-then framework, like a freudian vs rogerian counselor answering the same question

organizes data

organize and classify into a framework

a personality theory must offer a reasonable explanation of at least some kinds of behaviors

falsifiable

precise enough that research may support or fail to support --cannot be vague enough to the point where pos and neg results both support the theory

u think because u can't prove its false then it must be true--this is not falsifiable

dimensions for a concept of humanity: these diff dimensions cause diff personality theories

determinism vs free choice

are people's behaviors determined by forces over which they have no control, or can people choose to be what they wish to be?

Pessimism vs Optimism

are people doomed to live miserable, conflicted, and troubled lives, or can they change and grow into psychologically healthy, happy, fully functioning human beings?

Causality--behavior is function of past experiences vs. Teleology--c of behavior in terms of future goals

do people act as they do because of what has happened to them in the past, or do they act as they do because they have certain expectations of what will happen in the future?

chapter 2-Freud

conscious vs unconscious determinants of behavior

Are people ordinarily aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it, or do unconscious forces impinge on them and drive them to act without awareness of these underlying forces?

Biological vs. Social Influences on Personality

Are people mostly creatures of biology, or are their personalities shaped largely by their social relationships?

nature vs nurture

Uniqueness vs. Similarities

is the salient feature of people their individuality or is it their common characteristics?

should studying personality focus more on traits that make us alike or different

personality inventories must be reliable and valid

reliability

consistency of measurement and results

validity

the degree to which a test/instrument actually measures what it's supposed to measure

1. type of validity:

construct validity: how well the constructs are operationalized

Convergent validity: The degree to which a test correlates strongly with other tests that measure the same or similar constructs.

Divergent validity: The degree to which a test does not correlate strongly with tests measuring different or unrelated constructs.

Discriminant validity: A form of validity that shows a test is distinct from unrelated constructs, confirming it measures what it is supposed to measure.

2. predictive validity

extent to which a test can predict future behavior

High Predictive Validity:

People who score high on your extroversion test are more likely to perform well in sales jobs (e.g., making more sales or receiving higher performance reviews).

This supports that the test predicts future outcomes related to extroversion.

Low Predictive Validity:

People’s extroversion test scores do not correlate with their success in sales jobs.

This suggests the test does not accurately predict the outcome it was intended to measure.

Predictive validity evaluates how well the personality test predicts a specific future behavior or outcome (e.g., job performance in sales).

generates research

generates descriptive research--measurement, labeling, categorizing units, and hypothesis testings--verifies the usefulness of a theory

useful theory=many hypos

purpose of psychoanalysis

To strengthen the ego, to make it more independent of the super ego, to widen its field of perception and enlarge its organization, so that it can appropriate fresh portions of the ID. Where the ID was, the ego shall be.

Cornerstones of Psychoanalysis

sex and aggression

--small sample sizes

--not objective

--upper to middle class

--no observing under controlled conditions

--always in case study

--HARking

Freuds issues with his "experiments"

free association--this is his main technique that he replaced hypnosis with

uncover repressed memories, transforming what is UC into what is C

verbalize every thought that comes to mind, no matter how irrelevant or unacceptable it may appear

following a C idea to the UC through a train of accosiations wherever it leads

freud identified 3 levels of mental life

unconscious, preconscious, and conscious

unconscious,

contains all the drives, urges, and instincts that are beyond our awareness yet motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions

drives may appear in the C from the UC but only after certain transformations____

like through teasing or joking, the original sex/agression is hidden from both persons C mind but each gain satisfaction of sexual or aggressive urges without being conscious abt it --there can be communication between the UC minds of people without them knowing. many forces in the UC strive to become C but just dont appear in original form

because the unconscious is not available to the conscious how can we truly know it exists?

can only be proved indirectly Freud believed, it explains the meaning behind dreams, freudian slips, and forgetting (repression)

repression

the forcing of unwanted, anxiety-ridden experiences into the unconscious as a defense against the pain of that anxiety

phylogenetic endowment

a portion of our UC comes from our early ancestors experiences that have been passed on to us through hundreds of generations of repetition (similar to Jungs collective UC)

preconscious

contains all the elements that are not C but can become C easily or through difficulty

Example: If someone asks for your address, you weren’t thinking about it a moment ago, but you can quickly recall it.

Role: It’s like a storage area where information is accessible but not immediately active.

the contents of the precocious come from 2 sources...

conscious perception:

UC:

conscious

plays a minor role in psychoanalytic theory

mental elements in awareness ataxy given point in timee--only level of mental life directly available to us

how can ideas reach C

perceptual C system: what we preceive through our sense organs, if not too threatening

within the mental strict: nonthreatening ideas from the PC and menacing but well-disguised images from the UC: these images escaped into the PC by disguise and evading the primary sensory, then when in the PC, they avoid the final censor and go to the C--by this time they are darted and often seen in dreams and behaviors

early childhood experiences that create high levels of anxiety are _____where they may influence behavior, emotions, and attitudes for years

repressed into the unconscious

events that aren't associated with high anxiety but just forgotten make up the contents of ________

preconscious

____images are those in awareness at any given time

conscious

final censor

primary censor

Here’s a summary of each part in one sentence:

Unconscious processes entering consciousness: Thoughts from the unconscious can only become conscious if they are disguised enough to avoid triggering anxiety.

Primary censor: A mental "guard" blocks anxiety-producing memories from moving from the unconscious to the preconscious.

Final censor: Another "guard" ensures only non-threatening, disguised thoughts pass from the preconscious to the conscious mind.

Disguised thoughts: By the time these thoughts reach consciousness, they appear pleasant and unrecognizable from their original form.

Source of these thoughts: Many of these thoughts stem from suppressed childhood experiences involving sexuality or aggression, which were punished and caused anxiety.

Repression: As a defense against anxiety, the mind forces painful memories into the unconscious to avoid dealing with them.

3 provinces of the mind

id, ego, superego

id

unconscious, chaotic, out of contacts with reality and in service of the pleasure principle

completely unconscious in the physical region, no contact with reality, but strives to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires--cannot be accessed by the C

sole function is to seek pleasure--no moralitty

TO SEEK PLEASURE WITHOUT REGARD FOR WHAT IS PROPER OR JUST

primary process (ID and UC) vs secondary process (ego and C)

Primary Process

The primary process is how the unconscious mind works.

It’s driven by instincts and desires (like hunger or pleasure) and seeks immediate satisfaction.

It doesn't care about logic, reality, or long-term consequences—its only goal is to reduce tension and get what it wants as quickly as possible.

For example, if you’re hungry, your mind might imagine eating food to feel better, even if food isn’t actually available.

Secondary Process

The secondary process is how the conscious mind operates, guided by logic and reality.

It’s responsible for planning, thinking, and considering consequences to meet desires in a realistic way.

Instead of imagining food when you’re hungry, the secondary process helps you figure out how to get actual food, like going to the kitchen or a restaurant.

In summary, the primary process is about immediate, fantasy-based satisfaction, while the secondary process is about practical, reality-based problem-solving.

pleasure principle

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification

ego

the executive of personalty, in contact with the real world, and is service of the reality principle

only region in contact with reality--grows out of the ID during infancy and becomes the source of communication with the external world, governed by reality principle

in constant fight with the ID, superego, and eternal world: creates anxiety and thus uses repression and other defense mechanisms

continues to develop strategies to meet needs of ID while id stays unchanged

at the mercy of the more powerful id

can make decisions on all 3 levels

reality principle

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

superego

serves the moral and idealists principles and begins to form after the Oedipus complex is resolved

grows from the ego

no contact with outside world and has unrealistic demands for perfection

tries to control sexual and agressive impulses through repression--it can order the ego to produce these repressions

watches over and judges the ego

guilt is a function of

the conscious

inferiority feels stem from

ego-ideal

superego subsystems

The Conscious - tells us what you should not do

The Ego Ideal -tells us what you should do

all motivation is traced to what?

sexual and aggressive drives

childhood behaviors related to sex and aggression are usually punished and leads to

repression or anxiety

to protect itself against anxiety, the ____initates various ____the most basic is repression

ego

defense

infantile stages has three substages

oral, anal, phallic

1. repression

when the ego is threatened by underseriable id impulses it represses those impulses by forcing them into the UC

dreams, slips of the tongue, get into the C and make more anxiety

during this Oedipal stage the child wants_____

sexual unity with one parent while harboring hostility for the other

dreams and Freudian slips are disguised means of expressing ______ ________

unconscious impulses

Levels of mental life and provinces of the mind refer to the____of personality, but personality also does something

structure

drive

operates as a constant motivational force

internal stimuli

drives grouped under 2 major headings

sex and aggression

every drive is characterized by an....

impetus

impetus

the amount of force it exerts

what's the drives source

the region of the body in a state of excitement or tension