ap psychology ch 3 vocab

socialization

socialization

the process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations required of them by their society or culture

contact comfort

in primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infant's first attachment

separation anxiety

the distress that most children develop, at about 6 to 8 months of age, when the primary caregivers temporarily leave them with other

telegraphic speech

a child's first word combinations, which omit (as a telegram did) unnecessary words

language aquisition device

according to many psychologists, an innate mental module that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation

object permanence

the understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it

egocentric thinking

seeing the world from only your own point of view; the inability to take another person's perspective

conservation

The understanding that the physical properties of objects, such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass, can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes

theory of mind

the human ability to think about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and how cognitions and feelings affect behaviour

power assertion

a method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child's misbehavior

Induction

a method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child's own resources, abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting misbehaviour

gender identity

the fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender

gender typing

the process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviours associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture

intersex conditions (intersexuality)

Conditions, occurring in about one of every 2,000 births, in which chromosomal or hormonal anomalies cause a child to be born with ambiguous genitals, or genitals that conflict with the infant's chromosomes.

gender scheme

a cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about what it means to be male or female

puberty

the age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction

menarche

the onset of menstruation

menopause

the cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova; it is usually a gradual process lasting up to several years

fluid intelligence

the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age.

crystallized intelligence

Cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime