AP Cell Respiration, Photosynthesis, Enzymes

Photolysis

Process by which light energy breaks down a molecule of water and makes oxygen

Noncyclic light reactions

Pathway that produces ATP, NADPH, and O2. Uses both Photosystem I and II.

Photosystem

A light-harvesting complex in the chloroplast thylakoid composed of pigments and proteins.

Cyclic light reactions

pathway that produces only ATP and uses only photosystem I

ATP Synthase

Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

lactic acid fermentation

A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce

alcoholic fermentation

the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol

C4 plants

A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds in the bundle sheath cells, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.

CAM plants

plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis

Stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; location of the Calvin Cycle.

NADPH reductase

Reduces NADP+ to NADPH with electrons transferred from ferredoxin; NADPH is required for Calvin cycle

NADH dehydrogenase

An enzyme located on the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the oxidation by NAD+ of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA. This reaction links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

Anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen and only produces 2 ATP

Engelmann's experiment

green alga grew in rows and arranged like a bacteria that uses oxygen for respiration so they will congregate where oxygen was high-(where photosynthesis was most active) so in the violent and blue light and some in the red light

Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Cycle of reactions in mitochondria that begins with citric acid. It breaks down an acetyl group and produces CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid, makes net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH

substrate-level phosphorylation

The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

Oxidative phosphorylation

Part of the electron transport chain. A process occurring in the mitochondria and chloroplastthat results in the formation of ATP from the flow of electrons across the inner membrane to bind with oxygen.

terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

Oxygen to form water

activation energy (Ea)

the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Competive inhibitor

Look like a substrate, binds to active site and stops real substrate from binding.

noncompetitive inhibitor

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

allosteric regulation

The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the enzyme at a different site.

active site

a region on an enzyme that binds to a substrate during a reaction.

Optimal pH

pH at which an enzyme works best

optimal temperature

Temperature at which an enzyme works the best

catalyze

to speed up

null hypothesis

the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.

control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

alternative hypothesis

The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

anabolic reactions

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones, requires energy

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions, by lowering the activation energy

Oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gain of electrons