Chapter 2: Cell functions and processes

Nuclear lamina

Network of intermediate filaments and membrane associated proteins located in the inner nuclear membrane

Electron microscopes

Use electrons to illuminate specimen wither through transmission or scanning

transmission vs scanning electron microscope

TEM looks at inner structures and SEM looks at surface and composition

Cytosol

Aqueous portion of the cytoplasm containing water, dissolved ions and various organic molecules

Prokaryotes domains are:

Bacteria and archaea

Three common shapes of prokaryotes:

Spherical, rodlike and spiral

Capsule

When the glycocalyx is loosely associated with the cells, its a slime layer, when firmly attached, it is a capsule

Bacterium flagella

rotates in a socket and pushes the cell through a liquid medium

Nuclear Envelope

Made up of two lipid bilayer membrane

Nuclear pore

regulates the transportation of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm

Nucleolus

Located in nucleus of eukaryotic cells and participates in assembling ribosomes

Ribosomes location and makeup

Located in all living cells, made up of RNA and proteins, in the cytosol, and ER or nuclear envelope

Ribosome structure and function

composed of two subunits large and small, site of protein synthesis

Prokaryotic cell

cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

organism whose cells contain a nucleus

unicellular organism

Carry out all activities necessary for life

Magnification

the ratio of an object's image size to its real size

Resolution

the minimum distance that two points in the specimen can be separated and still be seen as two points

Light Microscopy

Use light to illuminate specimen

Name the 5 elements that are in all living cells?

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chromosome, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

Plasma membrane

Surrounds all cells and is made of a phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules

Semi permeable membrane

controls flow of substances into and out of a cell

Hydrophobic barrier on cell membrane

Selected substances can penetrate cell membrane through protein channels

Cytoplasm

between plasma membrane and central region of cell. Holds all material within a eukaryotic cell except nucleus

Cytoskeleton

Maintains cell shape and plays key roles in cell division and chromosome segregation

Eukaryotes domains are

Animals, plants, fungi and protists

Nucleiod

Unbound region of DNA in prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic chromosome

DNA located in nucleoid is a single circular molecule

Glycocalyx

Cell wall coated in polysaccharides in Prokaryotic cells

Pili and sex pili

Hairlike structures attach to the cell surfaces or other cells, special one is used for bacteria mating

Organelles in animals but not plants:

Lysosomes, centrioles, flagella

Organelles in plant cells but not animal cells:

chloroplasts, central vacuole, tonoplast, cell wall, plasmodesmata

The nucleus functions

Contains msot of the cells DNA

Chromatin

DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes