Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

Which structure is our "error detection center"? (Cerebellum/Basal Ganglia)

Cerebellum

When we make a voluntary movement, the ____________ (cerebellum /basal ganglia) takes that action and compares it to what actually should occur. Then, it sends __________ (efferent/afferent) messages to adjust movement.

- cerebellum

- efferent

What are the 3 locations that the cerebellum receives information from?

- pontine nuclei

- vestibular apparatus

- interneurons within the SC

The cerebellum is located inferior to the _____________ lobe

occipital

The cerebellum is responsible for ___________ coordination (unconscious/conscious)

unconscious

Damage to the cerebellum does NOT interfere with ____________ perception or ____________ strength.

- sensory

- muscle

What two things are degraded with cerebellar damage?

- coordination of movement

- postural control

Dysfunction of the cerebellum results in ____________ movement.

uncoordinated/clumsy

The cerebellum is HIGHLY activated during what?

LEARNING of new motor skills

The cerebellum is CONSISTENTLY activated during what?

performance of already learned motor skills

Axons connecting the cerebellum with the brainstem form 3 __________ ___________ on each side of the brainstem.

cerebellar peduncles

The superior cerebellar peduncle is composed of ____________ (efferent/afferent) neurons projecting from the ___________ --> _________ (structures).

- efferent

- thalamus

- cortex

The middle cerebellar peduncle is composed of __________ (efferent/afferent), ___________ (sensory/motor) neurons projecting from the ___________ --> ___________ (structures).

- afferent

- sensory

- body

- cerebellum

Which cerebellar peduncle is composed of BOTH efferent and afferent neurons?

inferior

Where do the afferent neurons within the inferior cerebellar peduncle come from?

interneurons within the

- SC

- vestibular apparatus

- inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla

Where do the efferent neurons within the inferior cerebellar peduncle head to?

- vestibular nuclei

- reticular formation of brainstem

The inferior cerebellar peduncle of the cerebellum influences information coming from what 2 tracts?

- vestibulospinal

- reticulospinal

The vestibulocerebellar region of the cerebellum projects --> the __________ _________

vestibular nuclei

The vestiubulocerebellar region of the cerebellum receives information from where?

- vestibular apparatus

- visual information about head position

The spinocerebellar region of the cerebellum receives information to/from where?

- cortex

- interneurons of the SC

Dysfunction of the spinocerebellar region of the cerebellum results in what?

Ataxia (jerky limb, uncoordinated limb movement)

Dysfunction of the cerebrocerebellar region of the cerebellum results in what?

- Tremors

- no error detection for the hands

Internal Feedback Tracts monitor information from the __________, ____________ and __________. (Structures)

- SC

- Cortex

- Brainstem

When is the only time you are not engaging in postural movement?

REM Sleep

What is orientation?

adjustments of the body and head to vertical.

What is balance?

the ability to maintain the center of mass relative to the base of support.

When you are standing, what is the center of mass and what is the base of support?

- center= belly/trunk

- base= feet/ground

Postural Control is achieved by central commands to the ________. Then, central output is adjusted to the environmental context by ___________ __________.

- LMN (lower motor neurons)

- sensory input

What are the 3 senses used to orient the world?

- somatosensation (body part positions)

- Vision (visual centers)

- vestibular (head position)

What does the cerebral cortex do for normal ambulation?

provides goal orientation/ankle control

What does the basal ganglia do for normal ambulation?

governs generation of force

What does the cerebellum do for normal ambulation?

provides timing, coordination, and error correction

What is sensory information used for in regards to normal ambulation?

to adapt motor output appropriately

When an object is contacted, grip force adjusts quickly, indicating what kind of control?

feed-forward

After an object is grasped, what role does somatosensory information play?

correcting grip force error

Grasping is coordinated with activity of what 4 body parts?

- eyes

- head

- proximal upper limb

- trunk

___________ and ___________ ___________ are integral to the grasping movement.

- orientation

- postural preparation

When does reaching/grasping involve the lower limbs?

when you reach outside of your base of support.

The basal ganglia is located inside of what structure?

the cerebrum

The basal ganglia __________ proper movement and __________ improper movement (activates/inhibits)

- activates

- inhibits

The 4 basal ganglia nuclei project to what structure?

the subthalamic nucleus (STN)

The substantia nigra is a dopaminergic pathway that projects to the ___________

striatum

What are the 4 NT involved in basal ganglia pathways?

- Glutamate

- Dopamine

- GABA

- ACH

Which NT(s) within the basal ganglia pathways is/are excitatory?

- Glutamate

- Dopamine

- ACH (depends on location)

Which NT(s) within the basal ganglia pathways is/are inhibitory?

- GABA

- ACH (depends on location)

The sole function of the hyper-direct basal ganglia pathway is to ___________ (facilitate/inhibit) neural competition).

inhibit

Output of the basal ganglia motor circuit regulates what 4 things?

- muscle contraction

- muscle force

- multijoint movement

- movement sequencing

The Basal Ganglia Motor Circuit includes what structures? (5)

- Cerebral Cortex Motor Areas

- Putamen

- Subthalamic Nucleus

- Globus Pallidus Internus

- Thalamic Motor Areas

A low signal coming from the GPi (globus pallidus internus) results in a _______ signal (go/no-go).

go

A high signal coming from the GPi (globus pallidus internus) results in a ________ signal (go/no-go).

no-go

Does the basal ganglia have direct output to lower motor neurons?

NO.