2001.7 - Social development

What does Vygotsky's theory emphasize in the learning process?

Learning is the result of the interaction between a child and a more knowledgeable individual.

Define Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).

ZPD is the difference between actual performance and potential performance when a child learns with help.

What role does language play in Vygotsky's theory?

Language is the means through which meanings are shared and helps children develop as learners and thinkers.

What is scaffolding according to Bruner?

Scaffolding is the support provided by an expert to novice learners to help them acquire new skills.

What defines cultural intelligence in humans?

Cultural intelligence involves social-cognitive skills such as theory of mind, social learning, and communication.

At what age do children typically begin to demonstrate self-recognition?

Children typically demonstrate self-recognition around 15 to 18 months.

What experiment tests a child's understanding of their own past self?

The sticker test by Povinelli et al. tests a child's temporal sense of self.

What are 'primary emotions' and when do they start appearing?

Primary emotions are basic emotions like joy and sadness, appearing from a few months after birth.

Describe social referencing in young children.

Social referencing is when children gauge responses from caregivers before reacting to unfamiliar stimuli.

What is the relationship between early language skills and theory of mind development?

Children with better language abilities tend to perform better on false belief tasks, indicating a link to theory of mind.

What does the term 'overimitation' refer to?

Overimitation occurs when children copy both relevant and irrelevant features of a model's behavior.

When do children typically start using words about internal states?

Children start using words about internal states, like 'want', around 2 years of age.

What is the significance of false belief tasks in assessing theory of mind?

False belief tasks determine if children understand that others can have beliefs different from their own.

What understanding typically develops around ages 3 to 4 regarding mental states?

Children begin to understand that people have desires and beliefs, but may not grasp that others can hold false beliefs.

How do 2-year-olds understand desires, according to findings?

2-year-olds understand that people have desires but struggle to grasp beliefs and their possible inaccuracies.

What is a key finding of research on peer interaction and theory of mind?

Children with older siblings tend to perform better on theory of mind tasks due to increased interaction.

At what age do children usually understand that seeing something means knowing about it?

By 3 to 4 years of age, children understand the relationship between seeing and knowing.

What did the study by Wellman et al. conclude about false belief development?

Most children do not succeed at false belief tasks until after the age of 4.

What psychological development do 5-year-olds exhibit regarding deception?

5-year-olds can lie to avoid losing their preferred items, demonstrating advanced theory of mind.

What is the 'curse of knowledge' in relation to belief tasks?

The curse of knowledge refers to the tendency for someone with knowledge of a situation to assume others have the same information.

What influences a child's performance on false belief tasks?

Children's performance can be influenced by their language abilities and the complexity of the task.

What is 'the appearance-reality distinction'?

The appearance-reality distinction is the ability to recognize that an object's perception can differ from its reality.

What do children learn about emotional expression by interacting with caregivers?

Children learn to regulate their emotions and understand social cues by observing their caregivers' reactions.

What are secondary emotions and when do they typically appear?

Secondary emotions, like embarrassment and pride, typically appear between 2 to 3 years of age.

How do children assess familiarity with social beings before 12 months?

Children show different behaviors toward familiar versus unfamiliar adults, indicating recognition of familiarity.

What does the mirror test measure in infants?

The mirror test assesses whether infants can recognize themselves in reflection, indicating self-awareness.

By what age do children typically begin to discriminate based on gender?

Children begin to use verbal gender labels around 19 months.

What role does the external monologue play in a child's cognitive development?

The external monologue helps children transition from language as a communication tool to a thinking tool.

How do social learning behaviors differ between humans and other animals?

Humans exhibit more complex cultures and social learning behaviors than most animals.

What does 'cultural transmission' refer to in developmental psychology?

Cultural transmission refers to the passing of knowledge, customs, and skills from one generation to another.

Explain the concept of shared intentionality in social learning.

Shared intentionality is the natural tendency of humans to want to share information and work toward common goals.

What is the main idea behind Tomasello's view of human cognition?

Human cognition differs not just in brainpower but in the capacity for social learning and collaboration.

What age do children typically begin to label their own emotions verbally?

Children generally begin to verbally express emotional states around 2 years of age.

How do children’s emotional responses change with age?

As children age, their emotional responses become more complex, developing into secondary emotions.

What do researchers find about children's ability to imitate?

Younger children are 'primed' to imitate actions, even if irrelevant, due to social cues.

What is social development primarily concerned with?

Social development examines how children learn to interact with others, understand social cues, and form relationships.

In which age range do children typically show awareness of their own emotional states?

Children show awareness of their own emotional states at around 18 to 20 months.

Describe the impact of caregiver language on a child's development of theory of mind.

Caregivers who use mental state terms help children develop a better understanding of others' thoughts and beliefs.

What is the general trend in emotional development from infancy to later childhood?

Emotional development begins with basic emotional responses and evolves into complex emotional regulation.

What age do children typically start recognizing emotions in others?

Children usually start to recognize and differentiate emotions in others around 10 weeks of age.

What is the implication of the natural pedagogy concept in child development?

Natural pedagogy suggests that humans are inherently inclined to teach and share knowledge in social contexts.

How do emotions relate to peer acceptance in children?

Children who accurately recognize emotions are often better accepted by their peers, linking to social competence.

How do caregiver interactions influence children's social development?

Caregiver interactions significantly shape children's social development by impacting emotional regulation, as positive responses help children learn to manage emotions effectively. Vygotsky's theory highlights the importance of engaging with knowledgeable individuals, and research indicates long-term benefits such as enhanced peer acceptance and social skills.

What role does language play in the development of social cognition?

Language is crucial for social cognition, acting as a tool for thought as per Vygotsky's theory. It facilitates understanding of others' mental states, evidenced by studies linking strong language skills with better performance on false belief tasks, showcasing the interconnectedness of language development and social understanding.

How does peer interaction contribute to social development in early childhood?

Peer interaction fosters social development by enhancing skills like conflict resolution and social understanding. Research shows that children with older siblings typically outperform peers in theory of mind tasks due to rich interaction experiences, indicating that peer dynamics are crucial for preparing children for social environments.

Analyze the impact of social learning in the formation of gender identity in children.

Social learning significantly influences the formation of gender identity as children absorb gender roles through observation. Bandura’s experiments illustrate strong associations between modeled behaviors and children's adoption of gender labels. This learning shapes their social interactions and self-concept related to gender.

Evaluate the role of shared intentionality in social learning dynamics.

Shared intentionality is vital for social learning, embodying humans' unique tendency to share goals and work collaboratively. Tomasello's research underscores its distinction from animal behavior, revealing how children's cooperative practices enhance communication and teamwork skills essential for social functioning.