plants REALLY

specialized plant cells

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

parenchyma

most cells; photosynthesis, protection, storage, gas exchange

parenchyma cell structure

spherical, but flatten when pressed together

parenchyma cells stems and leaves

lots of chloroplasts

parenchyma cells in roots and fruits

large central vacuoles; no chloroplasts

collenchyma cells

long strings in cellery that provides support for cells and allows them to bend without breaking

collenchyma structure

flexible, elongated, long strands/cylinders w uneven thick cell walls

sclerenchyma cells

tough and hard cells that contain lignin; provide support to mature plants

lignin

strong substance that makes cells hard and tough

sclerenchyma cell structure

thick cell walls that lack cytoplasm and other living components when they mature

two types of sclerenchyma cells

fibres and sclereids

specialized plant tissue

meristematic tissue and dermal tissue

meristematic tissue

embryonic plant tissue from which all plants develop

meristems

area of rapidly dividing cells that make of meristematic tissue

dermal tissue

makes up outer covering of plant

epidermis

single layer of dermal tissue cells that form a protective coating for non-woody plants (herbaceous) and young woody plants

periderm

older woody plant dermal tissue

specialized epidermal tissue

guard cells, trichomes, root hairs

guard cells

specialized epidermal cell that regulates opening/size of stomata

stoma (stomata plural)

small opening (usually in leaf) that allows gas exchange to occur

root hairs

fine, hair-like structure that cover surface of root of a plant that increase SA for gas exchange and absorption of water/nutrients

trichomes

tiny growths on surface of epidermis that can make plant appear fuzzy

trichome function

keep leaf surface cool, reduce evaporation, some secret sticky or toxic subs that repel herbivores, some are deadly and puncture herbivore skin

xylem

moves water and minerals from roots to shoots (leaves)

phloem

moves organic nutrients up and down in a plant (usually from leaves to roots)

vascular tissue

xylem and phloem

vascular bundles

transport system that carries water and dissolved nutrients

what makes up most of plants

ground tissue

plant organ systems

root system and shoot system

xylem vs phloem

• carries water and minerals vs carries organic nutrients (sugars)

• moves up vs moves up and down

• from roots to leaves vs usually from leaves to roots

• made up of dead cells vs made up of living cells

apical meristem

primary growth, lengthen plants, occurs at shoots and roots and produces new leaves and flowers

lateral meristem

secondary growth, widens plants, produces bark on trees