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How did they take a commanding lead?
What technological developments made industrial production possible?
Production by machine rather than by hand.
What sources of energy were harnessed during the industrialization?
Inanimate sources of energy such as coal and petroleum.
What dominated industrial production during the industrial revolution?
Factories.
How did industrialization change labor practices?
Encouraged new divisions of labor, belt-driven assembly lines, and mass production.
What was the impact of expensive equipment on businesses?
Led to the formation of large businesses.
What crucial role did coal play in Great Britain's industrialization?
Large coal deposits were in easy reach of water, replacing wood due to shortages.
What advantage did Britain's coal deposits provide during industrialization?
Their richness made Britain's experience unique.
What role did the Americas play in Europe's industrialization?
Supplied growing volumes of raw materials to Europe.
What agricultural products created markets for manufactured imports during industrialization?
Sugar and cotton. (Plantation economics)
What did consumer demand encourage?
Transformation of British cotton industry.
What invention did John Kay create in 1733?
Flying shuttle.
Who developed the general-purpose steam engine in 1765?
James Watt.
What were two key attributes of the steam engine developed by James Watt?
Coal-fired and multiple uses. Especially prominent in the textile industry
Age of Steel
19th century, blast surface, steel products made faster and cheaper
What aspects of transportation were critical for industrialization?
Development of railroads and steamships. (1815: First steam-powered locomotive)
How did the development of railroads impact industrialization?
Rapid and inexpensive transportation encouraged it
What system did early modern Europe use before factories?
The 'putting-out' system: Individuals worked at home; employers avoided wage restrictions of medieval guilds)
What caused factories to replace the putting-out system?
Rising prices and the need for large machinery.
Which countries experienced industrialization by the mid-nineteenth century?
France, Germany, Belgium, and the U.S.
How did German industrialization progress compared to other nations?
It proceeded more slowly until Bismarck sponsored rapid industrialization after 1871.
Where did industrialization in North America begin?
The cotton textile industry during the 1820s.
What was Eli Whitney known for?
Invention of the cotton gin and interchangeable machine parts.
What was the significance of Henry Ford's assembly line method?
Reduced time to complete automobile chassis from 728 minutes to 93 minutes.
What economic concept emerged due to large factories needing startup capital?
Formation of corporations to share risk and maximize profits.
What negative impacts did large corporations have on the market?
Formed monopolies and trusts to drive out competition.
How did urbanization impact the environment?
Led to intensified industrial pollution and overcrowded cities.
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Flashcard (27)