Patho 221: Cellular Functions and Adaptation

Cellular adaptation

Cellular response to stress

What are the 5 types of cellular adaptations?

Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number

Dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia)

Change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure

Dysplasia is considered

Pre cancer

Metaplasia

Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type

Atrophy physiologic

Occurs with normal development, mainly in muscle

Atrophy pathologic

Occurs because of decreased workload, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal and nervous stimulation

Can atrophy be recovered

Yes

Muscle atrophy can happen due to

Lack of use, nerve loss, and chronic malnutrition

What happens when muscle atrophy due to lack of use

Decreased endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and myofilaments

What happens when muscle atrophy due to nerve loss

Decreased O2 consumption and amino acid uptake

What happens when muscle atrophy due to chronic malnutrition

Increased autophagic vacuoles as an attempt to prevent uncontrolled cell destruction

Cerebral atrophy pathophysiology

Reduction in size of the cells in the cerebrum of the brain and neurons

Cerebral atrophy clinical manifestations

Focal one region and global whole entire brain

Cerebral atrophy diagnostic criteria

Early identification of loss of function, health history, neurologic examination, and imaging studies

Cerebral atrophy treatment

Prevention puzzles, reading, and mental activity

Hypertrophy physiologic and pathologic

Caused by specific hormone stimulation or increased functional demand

Hypertrophy physiologic +

Body builders, construction, kidneys, and pregnancy

Hypertrophy physiologic -

Hypertension

What is left hypertrophy ventricle

The cardiac muscle has grown too thick due to trying combat hypertension

Can left hypertrophy ventricle be turned back

No

Left hypertrophy ventricle pathophysiology

Increased cardiac muscle mass

Left hypertrophy ventricle etiology

Excessive cardiac workload, increased functional demand, and inherited genetic trait

Left hypertrophy ventricle clinical manifestations

Shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting, and impaired cardiac function

Left hypertrophy ventricle diagnostic criteria

Genetic testing, hypertension, reduced exercise tolerance, ventricular arrhythmia, and heart murmur

Left hypertrophy ventricle treatment

Surgical, LVAD, pharmacologic, and activity restriction

A lot of atrophy and hypertrophy can be seen in

Muscles

Hyperplasia think of

Skin

Hyperplasia physiologic

Compensatory and hormonal

Hyperplasia physiologic compensatory

Allows organs to regenerate

Hyperplasia physiologic hormonal

Estrogen dependent organs

Hyperplasia pathologic

Endometrial hyperplasia

Hyperplasia cells that do not regenerate

Nerves, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, lens cells of the eye

Dysplasia often occurs in

Epithelial tissue in the cervix and respiratory tract

Is HPV a precursor to cervical cancer?

Yes

Can metaplasia revert back to normal

In some cases

When does metaplasia usually occur

Chronic irritation and inflammation

Metaplasia allows for

Substitution of cells that are better able to survive when a more fragile cell type might succumb

What are two organs that metaplasia can affect

The lung and esophagus

Give an example of metaplasia in the lungs

The cilla in the lungs can become stratified cells in order to protect the lungs from smoking by creating a mucous layer

What are cellular mechanisms of death

Apoptosis and necrosis

Apoptosis

Cell that has a program to kill itself

Necrosis

Irreversible cell injury

4 cellular causes of injury

Physical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical