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Industrial Revolution

A period of major change in societies and economies, beginning in Great Britain in the 18th century, characterized by the transition from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry, power-driven machinery, and the factory system.

Industrialization

The process of developing industries and increasing the mechanization of production within a society or country, which transforms its economy and social conditions.

Agricultural Revolution

A period, just before the Industrial Revolution, marked by new inventions and farming techniques (like the seed drill and crop rotation) that increased agricultural productivity and allowed for population growth.

Crop rotation

An agricultural technique where farmers rotate different crops in and out of a field each year to avoid exhausting the soil of nutrients.

Seed drill

A device invented by Jethro Tull that efficiently places seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths in the ground, boosting crop yields and saving labor.

Cottage industry

A system of manufacturing, common before the Industrial Revolution, where merchants provided raw materials (like cotton) to individuals who spun and wove finished cloth in their own homes.

Spinning jenny

An invention by James Hargreaves in the 1760s that allowed a worker to spin more than one thread at a time, significantly reducing the amount of work needed to produce cloth.

Water frame

A spinning machine patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769 that used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel, producing yarn faster and stronger than the spinning jenny.

James Hargreaves

The British inventor of the spinning jenny.

Richard Arkwright

The British inventor of the water frame and is considered the "father of the factory system" due to his role in moving textile production into factories.

Factory system

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together in one large building, allowing for supervised work, a division of labor, and mechanized manufacturing.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor credited with creating the system of interchangeable parts.

Interchangeable parts

A system where all parts of a manufactured product are made to an identical standard so that a broken part can be easily replaced with an identical new one, reducing the reliance on skilled laborers.

Division of labor

The assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people or groups, with each person performing a small, specific task.

Specialization of labor

An economic concept where workers focus on performing a single, specific task repeatedly, leading to greater efficiency and productivity within the manufacturing process.

Assembly line

A manufacturing arrangement where a product is moved from one worker to the next, with each person performing a single, specialized task in sequence until the product is complete.

Seaways

Navigable routes or channels over the sea that were crucial for Britain's industrialization, allowing for easy access to raw materials and markets.

Raw materials

The basic or unprocessed materials from which a product is made (e.g., cotton, coal, iron).

Capital

Wealth (in the form of money, machinery, tools, or buildings) used or invested to produce more wealth or start a business.

Enclosure movement

A British government policy that privatized common land, fencing it off and giving exclusive use to those who paid for the land. This left many small farmers landless and forced them to move to cities for work, supplying the labor for factories.

Manchester and Liverpool

Major English cities that were central to the Industrial Revolution; Liverpool was a large port city, and the first major rail line linked it to the industrial center of Manchester in 1830.

Human capital

The skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organization or country.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A railroad connecting Moscow with the Russian far east, which was built to facilitate trade and industrial development across the vast Russian Empire.

Company rule

Refers to the period in India where the British East India Company had direct administrative control and political power before the British government took over.