Unit 5 APHG

Agribusiness

The large-scale system includes the production, processing, distribution, financial funding, and research of agricultural products and equipment.

agricultural hearth

The separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals.

aquaculture

The domestication and farming of fish

bid-rent theory

The value of land is influenced by its relationship to the market.

biotechnology

Technology that uses living organisms to develop/create different products

Central American Hearth

The agricultural hearth located in mesoamerica

central business district (CBD)

The market/urban center of a town/city

clustered settlement

When rural residents lived in groups of homes in close proximity to one another.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods and ideas between North America, Africa, and Europe initiated by Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492.

commercial grain farming

Crops are grown primarily for human consumption.Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread.

commodity chain

Complex network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers.

core country

Countries that control and profit the most from the world system

Crop-rotation

planting the same crop each year can deplete the natural resources in the soil. Farmers began rotating crops planted each year to sustain the fertility of the soil.

dairy farming

Dairy farmers typically sell their milk to wholesalers who later distribute it to retailers. Retailers then sell it to consumers in shops or at home.

deforestation

The removal of forests for use for agricultural land or for lumber

Desertification

Process by which formerly fertile lands become infertile due to soil erosion.

dispersed settlement

When settlements are isolated and dispersed over the land area.

Domestication

The deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands.

double cropping

Growing more than one crop per year

draining wetlands

When areas covered by water (swamps, marshes, bogs) are drained & converted to arable, farmland.

enclosure movement

Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers.

export commodities

growing crops for export

extensive agriculture

Agriculture requiring less labor/capital, larger plots of land, and is usually away from major population centers

fair trade

Trading that bypasses traditional multinational corporations and contracts directly with farmers

Fertile Crescent hearth

The agricultural hearth located in the Fertile Crescent

fertilizer

Is a compound (chemical or natural) that is applied to soil to add nutrients to improve growth of plants

First Agricultural Revolution

First domestication of plants and animals where previously societies had been nomadic, hunter and gatherers.

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

An organism that has been engineered in a lab to have more beneficial characteristics (larger, more yield, etc.)

Green Revolution

Research of MDCS spread to developing countries in Latin America & Asia, resulting in the development of higher-yielding, disease-resistant, faster-growing varieties of grains (rice, corn, wheat).

high yield

Crops that have more output than traditional crops

Indus River Valley hearth

The agricultural hearth located in the Indus River Valley

intensive agriculture

Agriculture that relies on a large amount of labor/capital, uses small plots of land, and is normally located near areas with high population density

"intensive subsistence:- wet rice"

Wet rice: practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.

"intensive subsistence:- non-wet rice"

Non-wet rice: Practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

irrigation

When farmers utilize channels to supply water to land or crops

linear settlement

Settlement is organized along a line - typically associated with transportation system or physical feature like a river or coast.

livestock ranching

Commercial grazing of livestock. Eventually they will be sent to feedlots and then be sent to slaughter.

long lot

Long strips of land that start at a river or lake with the intention of providing all landowners with equal access to the resources (soil & water) and transportation.

market gardening

Some of the fruits and vegetables are sold fresh to consumers, but most are sold to large processors for canning or freezing.

Mediterranean agriculture

Orchards are common, crops produced for the global market.

metes and bounds

Utilization of landmarks and physical features to establish boundary lines.

mixed crop & livestock

Most money comes from the sale of livestock rather than crop outputs. Crops are often grown to feed animals

monocropping (monoculture)

The cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally.

nomadic herding

Nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. Rely upon animals for survival, not profit.

organic farming

Farming that is done without chemicals, growth hormones, or antibiotics

Pastoralism

See Nomadic Herding

periphery country

Less developed countries

pesticide

A chemical used to destroy insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or animals

plantation agriculture

specializes in one crop that is transported for sale on the global market.

pollution

The addition of a substance that is harmful/poisonous into an environment

salinization

The process by which salts build up in the soil when water evaporates from the ground more rapidly than it is replenished.

Second Agricultural Revolution

When mechanization began to impact farming, and farmers began to be able to own more land, resulting in the development of crop rotation and other advancements

semi-periphery country

Industrializing, mostly capitalist countries

shifting cultivation

"Farmers move from one field to Another; farmers clear and fertilize the land by burning vegetation. When the soil loses fertility, the farmers move to a different plot of land and repeat."

Silk Road

Over 4,000 miles of trade routes that connected China with Europe with a variety of different people interacting.

slash and burn agriculture

See shifting cultivation

Southeast Asian hearth

The agricultural hearth located in Southeast Asia

surplus

More crops than what is needed to survive for a family

terrace farming

Steps are built into the sides of hills and mountain sides in order to cultivate water-intensive crops like rice.

township and range

Rectangles and grid system of surveying

truck farming

See Market Gardening

Von Thunen Model

theory that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market.