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Anesthetic

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Drug that prevents pain during surgery.

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Capital

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Money or wealth used to invest in business.

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55 Terms

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Anesthetic

Drug that prevents pain during surgery.

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Capital

Money or wealth used to invest in business.

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Communism

Extreme form of socialism where the government plays a larger role.

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Enclosure

The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers.

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Enterprise

Business organization in such areas as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories.

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Entrpreneuer

Person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit.

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Labor Union

Worker's organization concerned with fair pay and conditions.

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Liverpool

City and one of the largest ports in England.

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Manchester

City in England and one of the leading industrial areas.

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Means of Production

Farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods.

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Proletariet

Working class that sells their labor for a salary.

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Putting-out system

Also known as the cottage industry where people worked from their houses.

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Social Democracy

Gradual transition from capitalism to socialism.

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Socialism

System where the people own [property and businesses collectively.

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Tenement

Multi-story building divided into crowded apartments.

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Turnpike

Private road that charged a toll to travelers who used it.

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Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities.

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Utilitarianism

Idea of creating the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people in society.

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1750-1850

Time period of the Industrial Revolution.

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Agricultural Revolution.

Beginning in the 1600's, improved farming methods, crop yields, and population growth.

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Industrial Revolution

Beginning in the 1700's, a period of profound change in how products were made involving more complex machines.

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Jethro Tull

Inventor of the Seed Drill.

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John Kay

Invented the Flying Shuttle.

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Eli Whitney

Invented the Cotton Gin.

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Richard Arkwright

Invented the Water Frame.

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Edward Cartwright

Inventor of the power loom.

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James Watt

Inventor of a more efficient steam engine.

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George Stephenson

Developed the first steam powered locomotive.

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Reasons why Britain led the Industrial Revolution.

1) Plentiful natural resources. 2) REady workforce. 3) Prosperous economy.. 4) Availability of capital & demand. 5) Stable government.

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Population of London by 1850

Over 2 million

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Population of London by 1900

Oven 6 million.

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Bourgeoisie

Term referring to middle class merchants, inventors, & artisans who were able to afford decent homes, clothes, etc…

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Cholera

Disease that spread because of bad water and unsanitary living conditions.

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Working conditions in factories (description)

1) rigid schedules. 2) dangerous conditions. 3) long hours. 4) women poorly paid.

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Child labor (description)

1) starting around age of seven. 2) Paid little. 3) orphans often exploited.

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Factory Act (1833)

Law that limited hours that children worked.

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Methodism

Founded by John Wesley & emphasized personal faith and morality.

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Sunday Schools

Promoted by Methodists and encouraged reading & writing.

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Labor Unions (early 1800's)

Outlawed in the EARLY 1800's.

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Luddites

Labor movement that broke into factories and smashed machines in protest.

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Trade Union Act (1871)

Officially legalized labor unions which bargained for better wages, hours, and conditions.

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Reform Act (1884)

Extended voting rights to working class men.

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Steamboats & Railroads

Increased mobility& created new industries.

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Laissez-Faire

Meaning "hands-off," economic theory opposes government intervention in the economy.

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The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith argued that a free marked helps everyone because more goods are produced at lower prices.

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Thomas Malthus

Argued that population growth would outpace food supply and so discouraged (government) charity.

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"Iron Law of Wages"

David Ricardo coined this phrase opposing any government intervention in the economy.

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Jeremy Bentham

Philosopher who argued that laws should be judged by their utility, whether they promote the greatest good for the greatest number.

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John Stuart Mill

Utilitarian philosopher who supported the right to vote for both men and women.

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Utopian Socialism

Movement associated with communities founded by Robert Owen that were seen as impractical.

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Communist Manifesto

In 1848, Karl Marx called for "Workers of the world, unite!" in this revolutionary pamphlet.

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Communism

An extreme form of socialism where government elite control economic and political life.

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Social Democracy

A gradual transition from capitalism to socialism.

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Great Exhibition

1851 British exhibition celebrating Britain's industrial might

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First steam-powered rail line

Connected Manchester to Liverpool.