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Anesthetic

Drug that prevents pain during surgery.

Capital

Money or wealth used to invest in business.

Communism

Extreme form of socialism where the government plays a larger role.

Enclosure

The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers.

Enterprise

Business organization in such areas as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories.

Entrpreneuer

Person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit.

Labor Union

Worker's organization concerned with fair pay and conditions.

Liverpool

City and one of the largest ports in England.

Manchester

City in England and one of the leading industrial areas.

Means of Production

Farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods.

Proletariet

Working class that sells their labor for a salary.

Putting-out system

Also known as the cottage industry where people worked from their houses.

Social Democracy

Gradual transition from capitalism to socialism.

Socialism

System where the people own [property and businesses collectively.

Tenement

Multi-story building divided into crowded apartments.

Turnpike

Private road that charged a toll to travelers who used it.

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Utilitarianism

Idea of creating the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people in society.

1750-1850

Time period of the Industrial Revolution.

Agricultural Revolution.

Beginning in the 1600's, improved farming methods, crop yields, and population growth.

Industrial Revolution

Beginning in the 1700's, a period of profound change in how products were made involving more complex machines.

Jethro Tull

Inventor of the Seed Drill.

John Kay

Invented the Flying Shuttle.

Eli Whitney

Invented the Cotton Gin.

Richard Arkwright

Invented the Water Frame.

Edward Cartwright

Inventor of the power loom.

James Watt

Inventor of a more efficient steam engine.

George Stephenson

Developed the first steam powered locomotive.

Reasons why Britain led the Industrial Revolution.

1) Plentiful natural resources. 2) REady workforce. 3) Prosperous economy.. 4) Availability of capital & demand. 5) Stable government.

Population of London by 1850

Over 2 million

Population of London by 1900

Oven 6 million.

Bourgeoisie

Term referring to middle class merchants, inventors, & artisans who were able to afford decent homes, clothes, etc...

Cholera

Disease that spread because of bad water and unsanitary living conditions.

Working conditions in factories (description)

1) rigid schedules. 2) dangerous conditions. 3) long hours. 4) women poorly paid.

Child labor (description)

1) starting around age of seven. 2) Paid little. 3) orphans often exploited.

Factory Act (1833)

Law that limited hours that children worked.

Methodism

Founded by John Wesley & emphasized personal faith and morality.

Sunday Schools

Promoted by Methodists and encouraged reading & writing.

Labor Unions (early 1800's)

Outlawed in the EARLY 1800's.

Luddites

Labor movement that broke into factories and smashed machines in protest.

Trade Union Act (1871)

Officially legalized labor unions which bargained for better wages, hours, and conditions.

Reform Act (1884)

Extended voting rights to working class men.

Steamboats & Railroads

Increased mobility& created new industries.

Laissez-Faire

Meaning "hands-off," economic theory opposes government intervention in the economy.

The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith argued that a free marked helps everyone because more goods are produced at lower prices.

Thomas Malthus

Argued that population growth would outpace food supply and so discouraged (government) charity.

"Iron Law of Wages"

David Ricardo coined this phrase opposing any government intervention in the economy.

Jeremy Bentham

Philosopher who argued that laws should be judged by their utility, whether they promote the greatest good for the greatest number.

John Stuart Mill

Utilitarian philosopher who supported the right to vote for both men and women.

Utopian Socialism

Movement associated with communities founded by Robert Owen that were seen as impractical.

Communist Manifesto

In 1848, Karl Marx called for "Workers of the world, unite!" in this revolutionary pamphlet.

Communism

An extreme form of socialism where government elite control economic and political life.

Social Democracy

A gradual transition from capitalism to socialism.

Great Exhibition

1851 British exhibition celebrating Britain's industrial might

First steam-powered rail line

Connected Manchester to Liverpool.