Species Diversity: the 6 kingdoms of life

SBI3U (Secours) - "The amazing kingdom adventure" + review [also see bacteria and virus quizlet]

3 factors used to group kingdoms

1. Cell Type: eukaryote vs prokaryote

2. Cell Number: multicellular vs unicellular

3. Feeding Type: autotroph vs heterotroph

Protists

⇨ the “junk drawer”

• mostly unicellular, with the exception of some algae and seaweeds

• eukaryotes

• can be both heterotrophs and autotrophs

• Some have cell walls and some don’t

What diseases are caused by protists? (give 4 examples)

• Malaria

• Amebic Dysentry

• Toxoplasmosis

• Beaver fever

Many protists are ______ , so contaminated water causes many diseases

aquatic

3 groups of protist classification

1. Animal-like (protozoans)

2. Fungi-like

3. Plant-like (algae)

subgroups/phyla of protozoans

• Sarcodina

• Ciliates

• Zooflagellates

• Sporozoans

Sarcodina

move by false feet called pseudopods

ex: amoeba

Ciliates

move by cilia

ex: paramecium

Zooflagellates

move by flagella, live in other organisms

ex: Giardia, a parasite that causes beaver fever

Sporozoans

cannot move, they are carried from host to host

ex: Plasmodium, which causes malaria

subgroups/phyla of plant-like protists (algae)

• Diatoms

• Dinoflagellates

• Euglenoids

• Green Algae

• Red Algae

• Brown Algae

Diatoms

move by oozing, have glassy cell walls

ex: ground up for use in toothpaste and diatomaceous earth

Dinoflagellates

armour-like cell walls, have 2 flagella

ex: red tides

Euglenoids

both autotrophic and heterotrophic

ex: Euglena

Green Algae

green colour, most are unicellular, but some are multicellular like seaweed

Red Algae

red colour, multicellular

ex: dried to make nori, used in hair products

Brown Algae

many colours, multicellular, forms plant-like structures (kelp)

ex: kelp can be eaten as food or used as thickener

subgroups/phyla of fungi-like protists

• Water Molds

• Slime Molds

Water Molds

grow as tiny threads, looks fuzzy

ex: caused the Irish Potato Famine

Slime Molds

lives in moist soil or decaying plants, yellow/orange colour, pulses and oozes like an amoeba

Although sometimes confused with one another, algae are NOT plants, they are ______

plant-like protists

Fungi

• multicellular except for yeast

• eukaryotes

• heterotrophs

• cell walls made of chitin

Ideal conditions for fungus

warm, moist, and dark

How do fungi affect our lives? (advantages and disadvantages)

• Many are edible such as mushrooms or blue cheese

• Yeast is used to make bread and alcohol

• Can produce antibiotics like penicillin

• Cause diseases like athlete’s foot and ringworm

Fungi are _____ , meaning they are stationary

sessile

3 main structures of a fungus

• Cap

• Hyphae

• Mycelium

3 types of fungi diets

1. Saprophytes: get nutrients from dead organic matter

2. Mutualist: live symbiotically

3. Parasites: absorb from their host, harmful to the host

All fungi are multicellular, except for ______, which is a unicellular fungi

yeast

The general structure of a fungi includes filaments called ______. A mass of hyphae make up the fungi’s body, which is called a ______.

hyphae, mycelium

In most fungi, hyphae are separated into cell-like compartments by _____ , which usually contain ______.

septa, pores

Common types of fungi (3)

Mushrooms, Yeast, and Moulds

How do fungi reproduce?

• spores are released from the gills

• budding (yeast)

• some also reproduce by fragmentation

Plantae

• multicellular

• eukaryotes

• autotrophs

• cell walls made of cellulose

Plants are different from fungi because unlike heterotrophic fungi, they are _______.

autotrophs

3 classifications that divide plants into groups

1. Vascular vs Non-Vascular

2. With Seeds vs Seedless

3. Angiosperms vs Gymnosperms

Vascular plants

contain internal transportation system, two kinds of tissues called xylem (water-carrying) and phloem (nutrient-carrying)

Non-vascular plants

• simplest of all land plants

• lack a vascular system to transport water = fertilization depends on water!

• no woody tissue necessary for support = low to the ground

⇨ ex: mosses and liverworts

Plants with seeds

• produce seeds, which protect and nourish the embryo and can be dispersed by wind or animals, without water

• reproduce sexually using pollen grains (male gametophytes) that fertilize the ovule (female gametophyte)

Seedless plants

do not produce seeds (use spores to reproduce)

⇨ ex: ferns, horse tails

Angiosperms

• flowering plants, produce fruit which disperse the seeds

• nectar attracts pollinators, which carry the pollen to other plants

Gymnosperms

• do not produce flowers or fruits

• produces seeds in special structures called cones

• male cones produce and release pollen, female cones produce eggs

⇨ ex: coniferous trees like pines and cedars

Alternation of generations

a life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid generations

In an alternation of generations, the diploid generation produces _____, and the haploid generation produces ______.

spores, gametes

A plant in the diploid generation is called a _________, and a plant in the haploid generation is called a ________

sporophyte, gametophyte

Sporophytes (2n)

• divide by meiosis to produce haploid asexual spores

• these spores then grow into gametophytes

Gametophytes (n)

• produce gametes, the haploid sex cells

• the gametes are then fertilized and become zygotes that grow into diploid sporophytes, continuing the cycle

The alternation of generations life cycle is used mainly by __________ and __________ plants

non-vascular, seedless

Animalia

• multicellular

• eukaryotes

• heterotrophs

• do not have cell walls

• motile at some stage

the simplest type of animals are the _______

sponges

Protostome vs Deuterostome

during embryonic development…

Protostomes: mouth forms before the anus (mollusks, annelids, arthropods)

Deuterostomes: anus forms before mouth (echinoderms, chordates)

6 criteria used for classifying animals

1. Body Symmetry

2. Skeletal Characteristics

3. Body Layers

4. Body Cavity

5. Movement

6. Reproduction

Body Symmetry types

Asymmetrical: no general body plan (ex: sponges)

Radial Symmetry: body parts organized about central axis (ex: jellyfish)

Bilateral Symmetry: have a single plane of symmetry that creates mirror halves (ex: humans)

Skeletal Characteristics types

Invertebrates (95%): have a hard external skeleton, made of chitin and called exoskeleton (ex: crabs)

Vertebrates: have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage (ex: fish)

• also have a dorsal backbone or notochord

Notochord

a flexible rod that runs along the dorsal surface and beneath the nerve chord

Label this chordate

1. Mouth

7. Segmented body wall muscles

3. Anus

5. Notochord

6. Dorsal nerve chord

3 kinds of body layers

Ectoderm: outer layer (skin, scales, nerves)

Mesoderm: middle layer (muscle, bone)

Endoderm: inner layer (digestive and pulmonary systems)

Body Cavity

Acoelomates: no true cavity (platyhelminthes)

Pseudocoelomates: partial cavity (cnidarians, nematodes)

Coelomates: full cavity (all other phyla)

Reproduction

Sexual (majority) vs Asexual

Internal vs External fertilization (ex: fish)

The 10 animal phyla

1. Porifera

2. Cnidarians

3. Platyhelminthes

4. Nematodes

5. Annelids

6. Mollusks

7. Arthropods

8. Echinoderms

9. Chordata

10. Rotifera (original animal)

Porifera

• asymmetrical

• no nerves

• have pores and get their nutrients from diffusion

ex: sponges

Cnidarians

• radial symmetry

• have stinging tentacles whose cells contain nematocysts

• 2 body layers

ex: anemones, jellyfish

Platyheminthes

• bilateral symmetry

• flat, unsegmented worms

• many are parasites (like tapeworms)

ex: planaria, who are capable of regeneration and fertilize their own sex cells

Nematodes

• bilateral symmetry

• round, unsegmented worms

• many are parasites

ex: hookworms

Annelids

• bilateral symmetry

• segmented worms

• gas is exchanged through specialized parts

ex: earthworms, leeches

Mollusks

• mostly bilateral symmetry

• most have radula, a structure used for scraping

ex: squid, oysters

Arthropods

• bilateral symmetry

• segmented bodies

• jointed appendages

ex: lobsters, spiders

Echinoderms

• radial symmetry (technically pentaradial bc 5)

• spiny skin

ex: sea urchins, sea cucumber, starfish

Chordata

• bilateral symmetry

• spinal chord

• notochord

ex: mammals, fish

5 classes within the chordata phylum

1. Mammals

2. Fish

3. Amphibians

4. Reptiles

5. Birds

Blastula

Hollow ball of cells formed after the zygote undergoes mitosis

Gastrula

developed from the blastula, now has 3 layers of cells