microbiology exam 1

Microorganisms

Organisms that are too small to be seen w/ the naked eye

Pathogen

Microbe that causes disease

Microbiome

Group of microbes stably living in/on the host

When is a microbiome accumulated?

At birth + it depends on the way that you were born

Vaginal birth

Babies have the microbiome of the vagine

C-Section

Babies have microbiome of the skin

How does the microbiome affect the way that we fight off diseases?

Based on the way you were born the microbiome of either the skin or the vagina affects the way that you fight off diseases

Genus

First name of the bacteria, this is always capitalized

Specific epithet

Second name of the bacteria, always lower case

How is the name of bacteria written based on the way that they are typed?

They are always italicized when they are types. When they are written they are underlined

How does the name of bacteria look when it is written for the first time?

Spell out the entire thing with the genus capitalized

How does it look when the bacteria is mentioned for the second time in a lab report?

The first letter of the genus is only represented and capitalized with the rest of the epithet still lower case and spelled out all the way. (E. coli)

Bacteria

Prokaryotes

• unicellular

What is unique about prokaryotes?

• no membrane bound organelles

• No nucleus

• Different type of ribosomes

What type of cell wall does bacteria have?

Peptidoglycan (some amino acid + sugar combined)

How does bacteria reproduce?

Binary fission (no mitosis or meiosis)

Are bacteria cells chemotrophs or phototrophs?

They are both

Chemotrophs

Chemicals from the environment (move towards)

Phototrophs

They photosynthesize

How do bacteria cells move?

With flagella

Archaea

Prokaryotes

• unicellular

What makes archea cell walls unique?

They lack peptidoglycan cell walls

Where do archea live?

Extreme enviroments

What type of extreme environments do archea live in?

• methogens

• extreme halophilies

• Extereme thermophilies

Fungi

Eukaryotic

Are fungi unicellular or multicellular?

They are both unicellular and multicellular

What type of cell wall does fungi have?

Chitin cell wall

How does fungi reproduce?

Mitosis

Do fungi decompose?

Yes

What type of cells are Protozoa?

Eukaryotes

Are Protozoa multicellular or unicellular?

Unicellular

How do Protozoa reproduce?

Both sexually and asexually

How do Protozoa live?

Both free living and parasitic

How Protozoa move?

Flagella

Cilia

Pseudopods

Are algae prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes

Are algae unicellular or multicellular?

They are both unicellular and multicellular

What type of cell wall does algae have?

Cellulose

Do algae reproduce sexually or asexually?

Algae produce both sexually and asexually

Are algae photosynthetic?

Yes

What type of cells are viruses?

Acellular

What type of genomes do viruses have?

They have both DNA and RNA genomes

How are DNA/RNA genomes different from regular DNA and RNA?

They could have single stranded DNA or double stranded RNA

What type of cast do viruses have?

Capsid protein

How do viruses reproduce?

They require a host

What type of cells are helmiths/parasites?

Eukaryotic

Are helmiths/parasites uni or multicellular?

Multicellular

What are prions?

Infectious misfolded proteins

What does your brain look like if you have a prion disease?

Sponge like with holes

What happens when an infected protein touches a healthy prion?

It makes the healthy prion infectious

Where can prion disease be found?

• chronic wasting disease in deer/elk

• Mad cow disease

• Cruezfeltd Jacob disease in human

How do prokaryotes organelles look in the membrane?

Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles

What do prokaryotic chromosomes look like?

They have one circular chromosome that looks like histones

What are the two types of prokaryotic cell walls?

Peptidoglycan (PG) - bacteria

Psudomurcin - archea

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

Binary fission

How does the membrane organelles look in eukaryotic cells?

There are membrane bound organelles

How do the chromosomes look in eukaryotic cells?

There are paired linear chromosomes

Do eukaryotes have histones?

Yes

What does the cell wall in the different eukaryotic cells have?

Fungi - chitin (polysaccharide)

Plants/algae - cellulose (polysaccharide)

Animals/protozoan - no cell wall

What type of cell wall does fungi have?

Chitin (polysaccharide)

What type of cell walls does plants/algae have?

Cellulose (polysaccharide)

What type of cell wall does animals/protozoan have?

They have no cell wall

How do eukaryotics reproduce?

Mitosis

What are the two different types of cell shapes?

Bacillus + coccus

What shape does bacillus bacteria have?

Rod shaped

What is a pair of bacillus called?

Diplobaccilli

What is a chain of bacilli called?

Streptobacilli

What is coccobacillas?

Mix of round/shorter bacilli

What shape do coccus bacteria make?

Spherical

What is the most common type of bacteria shape?

Round (bacillus)

What is the second most common type of bacteria?

Coccus (spherical)

What is a pair of coccus bacteria called?

Diplococci

What are clusters of cocci called?

Staphylococci

What is a group of four cocci called?

Tetrads

What is a cube of eight cocci called?

Sacrinae

What are the rare groups of cocci?

Groups of four + cube of eight

What are the groups of spiral bacteria?

Vibrio

Spirillum

Spirochete

What shape are vibrio bacteria?

Macaroni

What shape are spirillum bacteria?

Cork screw

What shape are spirochete bacteria?

Snake like

What other shapes of bacteria are there?

Star shaped

Rectangular

Where is the glycocalyx in the bacteria cell?

External to the cell

What is the texture of the glycocalyx?

Viscous = thick gel like

What is the glycocalyx made out of?

Primarily polysaccharides + some protein

What are the 2 types of glycocalyx?

Capsule

Slime layer

How is the glycocalyx capsule attached to the cell?

They are tight and firmly attached

What does the capsule type of glycocalyx help with?

It helps with the virulence

What is virulence?

Ability to cause an infection

Helps invade immune system destruction

How is the slime layer of glycocalyx attached?

Unorganized and loose

What does the slime layer help with?

Helps with attachment

What is an example of the slime layer?

Dental plaque

What is flagella?

Filament that sticks out of the cell helping the cell move

What is the flagella in a bacterial made out of?

Flagellin (protein)

What are the three structures that flagella in bacteria have?

• filament

• Hook

• Basal body

What is the filament in bacterial flagella?

Long external portion

What is the hook in bacterial flagella?

Attach the filament to the cell

What is the basal body of bacterial flagella?

Set of rod/rings that anchor to cell wall through the cell membrane

What does the basal body do for bacterial flagella?

Generate rotations (clock wise of counter clockwise)

What are the different types of bacterial flagella arrangement?

Polar monotubules

Peritichas

Lopotrichas

Amphitrichas

What is the arrangement of polar monotubules?

1 flagella on the end

What is the arrangement of peritrichas?

Flagella around the cell