Cytology Unit Bio

study of cellular structure, function, & processes

cytology

• all living things are made of cells

• cells are the building blocks of structure & function

• all cells come from preexisting cells

What is the cell theory?

phospholipid by-layer with imbedded proteins, carbs, & cholesterol

What is the cell membrane made of?

transport items (larger & charged) across the membrane

Transport proteins

receive messages and tell the cell what to do

Receptor Proteins

• neurotransmitter

• hormones

• cytokine

What are ‘messages’ the receptor proteins send to the cell

dopamine, seriation, & adrenalin

Neurotransmitter messages examples

growth & sleep

Hormone messages examples

immune system

Cytokine messages examples

• where carbs are found

• ID badge

• immune system nonself vs. self

Antigen (proteins) glycoprotein

anchor neighboring cells together

adhesion proteins

cells float into places where they do not belong causing cancer cells

What happens when adhesion proteins fail?

maintains fluidity in extreme temperatures (hydrophobic)

Cholesterol

heat stroke & hyperthermia

What is the cause of fluidity to fail?

No. Each cell type has carbon amounts & types of organelles based upon the function of the organ it is found in

Do all cells have the same look and same organelles?

contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion

Lysosomes

the golgi bodies

What are lysosomes made by?

enzymes that add water to break a bond

Hydrolytic enzymes

housing its own DNA & its own ribosomes

What is a double membrane?

it can make its own proteins and enzymes

What is the advantage of a double membrane?

glucose

What does the mitochondria use to provide energy for ATP

it will self-replicate

How does the mitochondria respond to stimuli?

muscles, brain, and nerves

Where are mitochondria’s found greatly?

are large (water vacuoles) in plants that help regulate turgor pressure & serve to store nutrients & waste products in animals

Vacuole

pressure of vacuole against cell membrane against cell wall

What is turgor pressure?

structure

What does the Vacuole assist the cells with?

contain chlorophyll & accessory pigments & serve to undergo photosynthesis converting light energy into stored chemical energy

chloroplast

the electrons absorb the energy of photons and use it to build sugar

How does chlorophyll work?

cellular respiration, storing leftovers, & building blocks for lipids, DNA, carbohydrates, & proteins

What are chloroplasts used for

movement of H2O from low solute to high solute to dilute it and reach homeostasis

osomosis

carries waste away & helps enzymes work

keeps us better (equally) well hydrated

What does osmosis do?

solute concentration is less than

hypotonic

solute concentration is greater than

hypertonic

equilibrium

isotonic

uses a transport protein to move ions across from low to high concentration using ATP

ion pumps

the concentration & electrical gradient

What do ion pumps build?

moves 3 sodium & 2 potassium per ATP (in animals)

sodium/potassium pump

moves 1 hydrogen across per atp (in stomach & plants)

hydrogen pump

1 calcium across per ATP (muscles)

calcium pump

uses the concentration gradient from ion pumps to move items across the membrane from low to high concentration

co-transport

process of moving items into the cell via a vesicle using energy

endocytosis

process of moving items out of the cell via a secretory vesicle using energy

exocytosis

Cell cycle G1

cell growth to adult size

sa/v determines how big it gets

cell cycle S

dna replication makes sister chromatids

cell cycle G2

further growth & prep to divide

cell cycle M

mitosis, the division of the cell forming identical daughter cells (growth, repair, replace)

cell cycle G0

cell ceases to divide but still functions

G1 checkpoint

determines if a cell needs to divide or not. If it sends the cell to G0. If something is wrong, sends G0 to fix.

G2 checkpoint

proof read DNA & makes fixes

M checkpoint

wait for every chromosome to be hooked

What happens if a cell divides when it shouldn’t?

cancer genes occur

Interphase

the beginning of replicating the cells

Prophase

• break down of the nuclear membrane

• centrioles produce spindle fibers

• chromosomes condense

Metaphase

sister chromatids line up due to centrolies

Anaphase

sister chromatids are separated by centrioles

Telophase

now nuclear membrane chromosomes decondense

cytokinesis occurs & divisions of cytoplasm & organelles with a new cell membrane

genetic continuity

genetic material is identical after every/many rounds of mitosis

What is meiosis?

the division process that produces haploid gametes needed for reporduction

Where does meiosis occur in females

ovaries

Where does meiosis occur in males

testicles

prophase I

nuclear membrane break down

chromosomes condense & form a tetrad

crossing over may occur

metaphase I

line up in the center due to centrioles attaching to each tetrad

Anaphase I

homologous chromosomes are pulled apart

Telophase II

• new cell & nuclear membrane

• chromosomes decondense

density dependent inhibition

cells stop dividing when it becomes too crowded

anchorage dependence

cells must be anchored to divide

5 things that make cancer cells different

1. immortal

2. rapid growth

3. does not function

4. genetic mutations

5. use high amounts of nutrients

apoptosis

programmed cell death

necrosis

traumatic damage to the results in spillage of cell contents