Introduction to Chemistry

These flashcards cover key concepts from the 'Introduction to Chemistry' lecture, including fundamental definitions and principles related to matter, measurements, significant figures, and chemical properties.

What are the three states of matter discussed in the lecture?

Solid, liquid, and gas.

What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?

Inductive reasoning generalizes from specific observations, while deductive reasoning combines statements to draw a conclusion.

What are critical materials?

Important materials that have unique properties allowing them to play vital roles in technology, such as lithium batteries and electric cars.

Define matter.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

What are physical properties?

Physical properties are characteristics such as mass, density, boiling point, color, viscosity, hardness, melting point, and heat capacity.

What is a physical change?

A physical change alters only the state or appearance of a substance without changing its composition.

What occurs during a chemical change?

During a chemical change, the composition of matter is altered as atoms rearrange to form different substances.

Define accuracy and precision in measurements.

Accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the actual value; precision refers to the reproducibility of measurements.

What is the International System of Units (SI)?

The system based on the metric system used for scientific measurements.

What is significant about exact numbers?

Exact numbers have an unlimited number of significant figures, such as counted objects or defined quantities.

How do you determine significant figures in a measurement?

Nonzero digits are significant; interior zeros are significant; leading zeros are not significant; the significance of trailing zeros depends on the presence of a decimal point.

What is the rule for significant figures in multiplication and division?

The result carries the same number of significant figures as the factor with the fewest significant figures.

What is the rule for significant figures in addition and subtraction?

The result carries the same number of decimal places as the quantity with the fewest decimal places.

How should you round when you encounter a number that falls exactly halfway?

Round up if the last digit dropped is five or more; round down if it is four or less.

What is dimensional analysis?

A method that involves applying conversion factors to convert units from one measurement to another.

Calculate the density of an object if its mass is 100 g and its volume is 50 mL.

Density = Mass/Volume = 100 g / 50 mL = 2 g/mL.

What is the role of Indium tin oxide (ITO) in touchscreen technology?

ITO is a doped semiconductor that is highly conductive and optically transparent.