Chandler 8th grade chemistry midterm class of 2025

1 orbital

How many orbitals does sub level s have?

3 orbitals

How many orbitals does sub level p have?

5 orbitals

How many orbitals does sub level d have?

7 orbitals

How many orbitals does sub level f have?

s, p, d, and f

What are the 4 possible sublevels an electron can occupy?

Fill lowest energy orbitals first (1s, 2s, 2p, etc.)+Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons (with opposite spins).

What is the Aufbau Principle?

• Maximize unpaired electrons: Electrons will spread out and occupy empty orbitals before they pair up.

• Parallel spins: Electrons in the same energy level will have the same spin direction (either both "up" or both "down") before pairing.

What is Hund’s Rule?

The Pauli Exclusion Principle ensures that no two electrons in an atom can be exactly the same, leading to the unique electron configurations we observe in different elements.

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle

Sphere shaped

What is the shape of the s orbital?

Dumbbell shaped

What is the shape of a p orbital?

Four leaf clover shaped

What is the shape of a d orbital?

2 (1 orbital that can hold 2 electrons)

how many electrons can an s sub level hold?

6 (3 orbitals that can hold 2 electrons each)

How many electrons can the p sub level hold?

10 (5 orbitals that can hold 2 electrons each)

how many electrons can the d sub level hold?

the number of protons and electrons in the element

The atomic number shows you…

mass number = protons + neutrons

How do you find the mass #?

If the element has a remainder of 8 electrons by the 2nd level then the third level will carry 18 electrons

How do you know if the third energy level will hold 8 or 18 electrons?

Protons & Electrons

What does the atomic number tell you?

Atomic mass-Atomic #

How do you find neutrons?