BACTERIAL INF NEVILLE

What organism causes impetigo?

Staphylococcus aureus

What is the most common clinical form of impetigo?

Nonbullous impetigo

What is the classic crust of nonbullous impetigo?

Honey-colored crust

What is another name for nonbullous impetigo?

Impetigo contagiosa

What is ecthyma?

Ulcerative impetigo

What complication can ecthyma cause?

Scarring

What organism causes bullous impetigo?

Staphylococcus aureus

What is the characteristic lesion of bullous impetigo?

Flaccid bullae

What is the diagnostic approach for uncomplicated impetigo?

Clinical diagnosis

What test confirms impetigo when diagnosis is unclear?

Lesion culture

What is the treatment for limited impetigo?

Mupirocin

What is the treatment for extensive impetigo?

Systemic antibiotics

What resistant organism is important in impetigo?

MRSA

What is erysipelas?

Superficial cellulitis

What organism most commonly causes erysipelas?

β-hemolytic streptococci

What is the classic appearance of erysipelas?

Bright-red well-circumscribed plaque

What skin texture may occur with erysipelas?

Peau d'orange

What systemic finding commonly accompanies erysipelas?

High fever

What is the classic facial pattern of erysipelas?

Butterfly-shaped lesion

What is the treatment of choice for erysipelas?

Penicillin

What serious complication can erysipelas cause?

Necrotizing fasciitis

What renal complication can erysipelas cause?

Acute glomerulonephritis

What organism causes streptococcal pharyngitis?

Streptococcus pyogenes

What age group most commonly develops streptococcal pharyngitis?

5–15 years

What is the classic symptom of streptococcal pharyngitis?

Sudden sore throat

What tonsillar finding is characteristic of streptococcal pharyngitis?

Yellowish exudate

What oral finding can occur in streptococcal pharyngitis?

Palatal petechiae

What lymph node finding is common in streptococcal pharyngitis?

Cervical lymphadenopathy

What symptom favors viral rather than streptococcal pharyngitis?

Cough

What rapid test is used for streptococcal pharyngitis?

RADT

What test follows a negative RADT in children?

Throat culture

What is the main nonsuppurative complication of streptococcal pharyngitis?

Acute rheumatic fever

What renal complication can follow streptococcal pharyngitis?

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

What is the treatment of choice for streptococcal pharyngitis?

Penicillin V

What organism causes scarlet fever?

Streptococcus pyogenes

What toxin causes the rash of scarlet fever?

Erythrogenic toxin

What is the classic rash of scarlet fever?

Sandpaper rash

What tongue finding occurs in scarlet fever?

Strawberry tongue

What lines occur in the skin folds in scarlet fever?

Pastia lines

What facial finding occurs in scarlet fever?

Circumoral pallor

What is the treatment of choice for scarlet fever?

Penicillin V

What major complication can follow scarlet fever?

Acute rheumatic fever

What is a tonsillar plug?

Compacted crypt debris

What causes tonsillolith formation?

Dystrophic calcification

What is a common symptom of tonsilloliths?

Halitosis

What is the characteristic panoramic appearance of a palatine tonsillolith?

Radiopacity over the mandibular ramus

What imaging modality can confirm a tonsillolith?

CT

How are asymptomatic tonsilloliths managed?

No treatment

What is the definitive treatment when chronic tonsillitis accompanies tonsilloliths?

Tonsillectomy

What organism causes diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

What is the major virulence factor of diphtheria?

Exotoxin

What does diphtheria toxin inhibit?

Protein synthesis

What is the hallmark oral lesion of diphtheria?

Adherent pseudomembrane

What is the classic color of the diphtheritic membrane?

Gray

What dangerous airway complication can diphtheria cause?

Airway obstruction

What is the classic neck enlargement in diphtheria?

Bull neck

What cardiac complication can diphtheria cause?

Myocarditis

What neurologic complication can diphtheria cause?

Neuropathy

What is the diagnostic test for diphtheria?

Culture

What rapid molecular test can confirm diphtheria?

PCR

What treatment must be given when diphtheria is suspected?

Antitoxin

What antibiotics are used to treat diphtheria?

Penicillin or erythromycin

What organism causes syphilis?

Treponema pallidum

What is the primary lesion of syphilis?

Chancre

What is the classic character of a primary syphilitic ulcer?

Painless

What is the most common oral site of primary syphilis?

Lip

What is the characteristic skin lesion of secondary syphilis?

Maculopapular rash

What oral lesion is characteristic of secondary syphilis?

Mucous patch

What is the classic pattern formed by fused mucous patches?

Snail-track pattern

What papillary lesion occurs in secondary syphilis?

Condyloma lata

What stage of syphilis produces gummas?

Tertiary syphilis

What is the most common oral location of a syphilitic gumma?

Palate or tongue

What cardiovascular complication is associated with tertiary syphilis?

Aortic aneurysm

What neurologic disease is associated with tertiary syphilis?

Tabes dorsalis

What is the classic pupil finding in tertiary syphilis?

Argyll Robertson pupil

What are the components of Hutchinson triad?

Hutchinson teeth, keratitis, deafness

What dental abnormality affects the incisors in congenital syphilis?

Hutchinson incisors

What is the classic shape of Hutchinson incisors?

Screwdriver-shaped

What dental abnormality affects the molars in congenital syphilis?

Mulberry molars

What inflammatory cells are characteristic of oral syphilis histology?

Plasma cells

What stain can demonstrate Treponema?

Warthin-Starry stain

What direct test can demonstrate Treponema in an active lesion?

Dark-field examination

What are the nonspecific screening tests for syphilis?

VDRL and RPR

What is the highly sensitive treponemal test for syphilis?

FTA-ABS

What is the treatment of choice for syphilis?

Penicillin G

What reaction can occur after syphilis treatment?

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

What organism causes gonorrhea?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

What is the typical incubation period of gonorrhea?

2–5 days

What is the most common site of gonorrhea in men?

Urethra

What is the most common site of gonorrhea in women?

Cervix

What is the classic male symptom of gonorrhea?

Purulent urethral discharge

What is a major complication of gonorrhea in women?

Pelvic inflammatory disease

What is the classic oral site of gonorrhea?

Pharynx

What is the usual presentation of pharyngeal gonorrhea?

Asymptomatic

What tonsillar finding may occur in pharyngeal gonorrhea?

Punctate pustules

What oral disease can gonorrhea mimic?

Necrotizing gingivitis

What organisms are seen on Gram stain in gonorrhea?

Gram-negative diplococci

Where are gonococci located on Gram stain?

Within neutrophils

What molecular test is useful for gonorrhea diagnosis?

NAAT

What organism causes tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis