BIOL1202- Chapter 42 Crossword

vasoconstriction

a decrease in the diameter of blood vessels caused by contraction of smooth muscles in the vessel walls

heart

a muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate the hydrostatic pressure of the circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph). the fluid then flows down a pressure gradient through the body and eventually returns to the _____

plasma

the liquid matrix of blood in which the blood cells are suspended

atrium

a chamber of the vertebrate heart that receives blood from the veins and transfers blood to a ventricle

gas exchange

the uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment (2 words)

endothelium

the simple squamous layer of cells lining the lumen of blood vessels

capillary bed

a network of capillaries in a tissue or organ (2 words)

tidal volume

the volume of air a mammal inhales and exhales with each breath (2 words)

vasodilation

an increase in the diameter of blood vessels caused by relaxation of smooth muscles in the vessel walls

bronchus

one of pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs

surfactant

a substance secreted by alveoli that decreases surface tension in the fluid that coats the alveoli

heart rate

the frequency of heart contraction (in beats per minute) (2 words)

platelet

a pinched-off cytoplasmic fragment of specialized bone marrow cell. _________ circulate in the blood and are important in blood clotting

hemoglobin

an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen

venule

a vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein

erythrocyte

a blood cell that contains hemoglobin, which transports oxygen; also called a red blood cell

sinoatrial node

a region in the right atrium of the heart that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract; the pacemaker

cardiac output

the volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart

larynx

the portion of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cords; also called the voice box

lymph node

an organ located along a lymph vessel. _____ _____ filter lymph and contain cells that attack viruses and bacteria (2 words)

gastrovascular cavity

a central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals, including cnidarians and flatworms that functions in both the digestion and distribution of nutrients (2 words)

artery

a vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body

diaphragm

a sheet muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals. contraction of the diaphragm pulls air into the lungs. a dome-shaped rubber cup fitted into the upper portion of the vagina before sexual intercourse. it serves as a physical barrier to the passage of sperm into the uterus

vital capacity

the maximum volume of air that a mammal can inhale and exhale with each breath (2 words)

hemolymph

in invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues

respiratory pigment

a protein that transports oxygen in blood or hemolymph (2 words)

vein

in animals, a vessel that carries blood toward the heart. in plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf.

alveolus

one of the dead-end air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lung

breathing

ventilation of the lungs through alternating inhalation and exhalation

heart attack

the damage or death or cardiac muscle tissues resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries (2 words)

stroke volume

the volume of blood pumped by a heart ventricle in a single contraction

high density lipoprotein

a particle in the blood made up of thousands of cholesterol molecules and other lipids bound to a protein. ___ scavenges excess cholesterol (3 words)

semilunar valve

a valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery eaves the right ventricle (2 words)

double circulation

a circulatory system consisting of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit (2 words)

atrioventricular valve

a heart valve located between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricle contracts (2 words)

hypertension

a disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high

capillary

a microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

tracheal system

in insects, a system of branched, air-filled tubes that extends throughout the body and carries oxygen directly to the cells (2 words)

heart murmur

a hissing sound that most often results from blood squirting backward through a leaky valve in the heart (2 words)

myoglobin

an oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells

ventricle

a heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart. a space in the vertebrate brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

erythropoietin

a hormone that stimulates the production of erythrocytes. it is secreted by the kidney when body tissues do not receive enough oxygen

negative pressure breathing

a breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs (3 words)

open circulatory system

a circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid (3 words)

lung

an infolded respiratory surface of a terrestrial vertebrate, land snail, or spider that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes

pulse

the rhythmic bulging of the artery walls with each heartbeat

electrocardiogram

a record of the electrical impulses that travel through heart muscle during the cardiac cycle

cardiac cycle

the alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart (2 words)

closed circulatory system

a circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate form the interstitial fluid (3 words)

artherosclerosis

a cardiovascular disease in which fatty deposits called plaques develop in the inner walls of the arteries, obstructing the arteries and causing them to harden

low density lipoprotein

a particle in the blood made up of thousands of cholesterol molecules and other lipids bound to a protein. ___ transports cholesterol from the liver for incorporation into cell membranes (3 words)

lymphatic system

a system of vessels and nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid, proteins, and cells to the blood

diastolic pressure

blood pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed (2 words)

stroke

the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries

systemic circuit

the branch of the circulatory system that supplies oxygenated blood to and carries deoxygenated blood away from organs and tissues throughout the body

bronchiole

a fine branch of the bronchi that transports air to alveoli

single circulation

a circulatory system consisting of a single pump and circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart (2 words)

arteriole

a vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed

thrombus

a fibrin-containing clot that forms in a blood vessel and blocks the flow of blood

atrioventricular node

a region of specialized heart muscle tissue between the left and right atria where electrical impulses are delayed for about 0.1 second before spreading to both ventricles and causing them to contract (2 words)

blood

a connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended

trachea

the portion of the respiratory tract that passes from the larynx to the bronchi; also called the windpipe

diastole

the stage of the cardiac cycle in which a heart chamber is relaced and fills with blood

cardiovascular system

a closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. the system is characteristic of vertebrates (2 words)

Bohs shift

a lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a drop in pH. it facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active tissues (2 words)

ventilation

the flow of air or water over a respiratory surface

countercurrent exchange

the exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite direction. for example, blood in a fish gill flows in the opposite direction of water passing over the gill, maximizing diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood (2 words)

sickle cell disease

a recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the a-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals (3 words)

systolic pressure

blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles (2 words)

leukocyte

a blood cell that functions in fighting infections; also called a white blood cell

lymph

the colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrates

partial pressure

the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases (for instance, the pressure exerted by oxygen in air) (2 words)

positive pressure breathing

a breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs (3 words)

stem cell

any relatively unspecialized cell that can produce, during a single division, two identical daughter cells or two more specialized daughter cells that can undergo further differentiation, or one cell of each type (2 words)

diffusion

the random thermal motion of particles of liquids, gases, or solids. in the presence of a concentration or electrochemical gradient, _________ results in the net movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated