BIO 120 Final Exam

The atomic number of oxygen is 8. How many valence electrons does an atom of oxygen have in its outer shell?

6

For a bond to be considered polar, it needs to be....

asymmetrical in charge and geometric shape

The Lake Effect Snow that Allendale experiences is due to what property of water?

High specific heat

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

the majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages

Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that are _____.

mirror images of each other

Ice floats because...

of the hydrogen bonds, ice is less dense when frozen

If the pH of a solution is 9. What does this mean?

it has more OH- ions in the solution than H+ ions

Water is considered the universal...

solvent

The complexity and variety of organic molecules are due to___.

the chemical versatility of carbon atoms

Why is +NaCl- able to become a solution with water?

+NaCl- is able to disrupt the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules

Why is carbon so important in biology?

it can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups

Which of these carbohydrates is not made up of monomers? -Glucose -Lactose -Cellulose -Starch

Glucose

Lactose, a sugar in milk, is a disaccharide composed of one glucose molecule joined to one galactose molecule. The linkage is best classified as:

glycosidic

What is the best explanation for why vegetable oil is liquid at room temperature while animal fats, like butter, are solid?

Vegetable oil has more double bonds than animal fats

If you disrupted all the hydrogen bonds in a protein, what level of organization would be unchanged?

Primary structure

Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what ways(s) do these molecules differ from each other? Testosterone and estradiol___.

Have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton

What are the building blocks of proteins called?

amino acids

A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins?

a peptide bond

Which biological molecule is not a polymer, and therefore not made up of monomers?

lipids

Fatty acids are linked to glycerol to form triglyceride by an

ester linkage

Phospholipids and triglycerides both___.

have a glycerol backbone

How do phospholipids interact with water molecules?

the polar heads interact with water, the nonpolar tails do not

Saturated fats____.

contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats that consist of the same number of carbon atoms

Denatured proteins...

are unfolded and biologically inactive

What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?

the components of the R group

Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids, what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

What determines if the nucleic acid is DNA or RNA?

the sugar

What is the pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

Rough ER- Golgi- Transport Vehicle- Plasma Membrane

_____ do not contain membrane-bound organelles

prokaryotes

The endomembrane system...

synthesizes proteins

Which of the following are found in the plant, animal, and bacterial cells? -Mitochondria -Ribosomes -Chloroplasts -Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

The liver is involved in the detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process, and therefore is abundant in liver cells? -Rough ER -Smooth ER -Golgi Apparatus -Nuclear Envelope

Smooth ER

What is the structure within the cell that receives vesicles, packages them, and then ships the finished product to various parts of the cell?

Golgi Apparatus

The cytoskeleton of a cell..

organizes the cells structures, provides structural support, and helps in mobility

This organelle function is the conversion of light energy to chemical potential energy...

mitochondrion

What structure is the site of protein synthesis?

Ribosomes

uppose a cell has at least the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondrion. It could be a cell from____.

Nearly any eukaryotic organism

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is a(n)____.

element

A water molecule can bond to up to ___ other water molecules by ____bonds.

four...hydrogen

The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its ____.

electronegativity

Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering form a metabolic disease that decreases the amount of ATP produced,. Which organelle is most likely involved with this?

mitochondria

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which organelle is most likely involved?

lysosome

___molecules can easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer; whereas___ molecules cannot easily pass through the membrane.

nonpolar;polar

Which best describes a biological membrane?

two layers of phospholipids with proteins either spanning the layers or on the surface of layers

Which statement about osmosis is correct?

the presence of aquaporins (proteins that form water channels in the membrane) should speed up the process of osmosis

A correct distinction between facilitated diffusion and active transport is that....

facilitated diffusion depends on existing energy gradient acting on the transported substance, while active transport makes such a gradient

A patient was involved in a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish bodily fluids, distilled water only is added to the patient directly via a vein. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?

The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become a hypertonic solution compared to the cells.

Which molecules will diffuse most quickly across a lipid bilayer membrane? -H20 -O2 -H2PO4 -C6H12O

O2

At a cocktail party with people moving around the doors to the room are like...

membrane proteins

You are studying a pump protein in the lab. What should you order to make sure the pump will operate?

ATP

When a white blood cell moves an entire virus across its plasma membrane to consume it, what type of transport is this called?

Exocytosis

A decrease in entropy is associated with what type of reaction?

Dehydration

Which statement about anabolic pathways is true?

They consume energy to build up polymers from monomer

What is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics for a living organism?

an organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment

Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?

as a consequence of growth, the decrease in entropy of the organism is associated with a corresponding decrease in entropy of the universe

If you saw a ball spontaneously roll uphill without any extra input, this would be like…

ATP being spontaneously synthesized from ADP and Pi

What can cause a reaction to occur spontaneously?

Negative ΔG

Why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily in solutions than dehydration reactions?

exergonic and endergonic

How do living organisms create macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, and complex higher-order structures

living organisms create order locally, but the energy transformations generate waste heat that increases the entropy of the universe

Which of the following statements describes a central role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism?

ATP provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions

Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as...

A cofactor necessary for enzymatic activity

If you're not getting enough vitamins in your food, what are you missing?

coenzymes

Which of the following statements of enzyme function is true?

enzymes increase the rate of chemical functions by lowering activation energy barriers

The food we eat provides the ___ energy flow needed for ___ to become ___ to then provide the ___ energy flow needed to power cellular work within our bodies.

Exergonic; ADP + Pi; ATP; endergonic

The oxygen consumed during aerobic cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

What are the results of this reactions? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced

Cellular respiration can best be described as:

taking electrons from food and giving them oxygen to make water, using the energy released to drive ATP formation

What statement about glycolysis is true?

it occurs in the cytosol

Which molecule results from glycolysis?

Pyruvate

What is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO2) from a molecule of pyruvate

Acetyl CoA

What is true about the citric acid cycle?

it makes ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP synthase at the inner mitochondrial membrane makes ATP and water from ADP and phosphate by coupling this to which other process?

allowing H+ to move down its electrochemical gradient

During intense exercise, muscles lack sufficient oxygen, so which process will these muscles mainly use?

lactic acid fermentation

Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain?

the harnessing of energy from high-energy electrons derived from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

This product is made as a result of the protons flowing through the synthase molecule during chemiosmosis

ATP

Early investigators thought that oxygen produced by photosynthetic plants came from carbon dioxide. In fact, it comes from...

water

Under what conditions do photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plants?

Photosynthesis occurs only in the light, cellular respiration occurs in both the dark and the light

What provides the energy for Photosystem II and I to pass electrons through a series of protons?

Photons

Suppose you were preparing to visit a space station that uses photosynthesis to provide you with oxygen. What color lightbulbs should you take with you?

Red and blue

What is split to help create an electrochemical gradient to perform redox reactions to produce ATP?

C6H12O6

What molecule accepts carbon dioxide as it enters in the Calvin Cycle?

rubisco

Carbon dioxide is ___ to produce ____ (the end product of the Calvin cycle)

Produced; G3P

NADPH and ATP are ____ during the Calvin Cycle and are sent back to the Light Dependent reactions to be ____ again.

Oxidized; reduced

Photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport are distinct processes that conceptually have some common features. This process generates a proton gradient:

Mitochondrial Electron Transport (Respiration)

Photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport are distinct processes that conceptually have some common features. This process extracts electrons from water:

Photosynthetic Electron Transport

Photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport are distinct processes that conceptually have some common features. This process extracts electrons from FADH2

Mitochondrial Electron Transport (Respiration)

Photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport are distinct processes that conceptually have some common features. This process depends upon a series of sequential oxidative phosphorylation reduction reactions:

Mitochondrial Electron Transport (Respiration)

Photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transport are distinct processes that conceptually have some common features. This process occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum:

Neither mitochondrial or photosynthetic electron transport

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

Glycolysis

If a cell at metaphase of mitosis contains 20 sister chromatids, how many chromosomes will be present in a G1 cell?

10

Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of a eukaryotic chromosome?

It is a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins

In what way do kinetochore microtubules facilitate the process of splitting the centromeres?

they create tension by pulling toward opposite poles

In a diploid cell with 5 chromosome pairs (2n=10), how many sister chromatids will be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis?

20

Which of the following characteristics do homologous chromosomes exhibit?

They carry information for the same characters

Which of the following triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis?

MPF

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely____.

a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis

Which of the following events occur during interphase at the cell cycle?

replication of DNA

Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n=16?

each cell has 8 homologous pairs

Which of the following processes occur when homologous chromosomes cross over in meiosis I?

corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged

During what phase of meiosis do daughter cells first become haploid?

Meiosis I