Patho Chp.1

Define physiology

The study of normal body function

Define pathophysiology.

The study of altered body function due to disease or dysfunction

What is a disease

An interruption, cessation, or disorder of an organ or body system.

What are the six aspects of the disease process?

etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and clinical course.

Differentiate etiology from predisposing (risk) factors.

[ ] is the specific cause of a disease (e.g., bacteria, chemicals, physical trauma). [ ] are inherent or external traits (e.g., age, smoking, obesity) that increase a person's susceptibility to developing the disease.

What are some predisposing factors

 Biologic agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses), Physical forces (e.g., trauma, burns, radiation), Chemical agents (e.g., poisons, alcohol), Nutritional excesses or deficits, Genetics

Define pathogenesis.

The sequence of cellular, tissue, and organ changes that unfold from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the disease is fully expressed

Differentiate symptoms from signs within clinical manifestations.

are subjective complaints experienced and reported directly by the patient (e.g., pain, dizziness). but [ ] are objective structural or functional changes observed by an examiner (e.g., fever, pupil dilation)

Define diagnosis

The identification of the specific nature or cause of a health problem.

Define clinical course.

The evolution and progression of the disease over time (classified as acute, subacute, or chronic)

Apply phys, patho, clinical manifestation of disease to kidney failure.

Apply etiology and predisposing factors to malignant melanoma.

What are the primary methods used to formulate a diagnosis?

medical history (listening to symptoms), performing a physical examination (observing signs), and utilizing diagnostic/laboratory testing to confirm (PRIMARY TOOL)

Contrast diagnostic findings at the gross versus microscopic levels.

[ ]changes are structural abnormalities visible to the naked eye in organs. [ ] changes require a microscope to view cellular alterations, often using cytologic smears or a biopsy (microscopic study of excised living tissue).

Define reliability and validity in diagnostic tests.

[ ] is the consistency of a test, indicating if repeated measurements yield the same result. [ ] is the accuracy of a test, indicating if it truly measures what it is designed to measure

Define sensitivity and specificity in diagnostic tests.

[ ] is the probability that a test will correctly identify those with the disease (true-positive rate). [ ] is the probability that a test will correctly identify those without the disease (true-negative rate)

Contrast acute and chronic diseases.

An [ ] disease is severe but self-limiting, developing rapidly and resolving in a short timeframe. A [ ] disease is a continuous, long-term process that may involve permanent impairment

Define exacerbation and remission in chronic disease.

An [ ] is a sudden aggravation of symptom severity. A [ ] is a period of decreased severity where symptoms and signs subside or disappear

Define syndrome

A compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease state.

Define complications

Adverse extensions of a disease or unwanted outcomes resulting from treatment.

Define sequelae.

Permanent lesions or structural impairments left behind as a direct consequence of a disease.

Differentiate subclinical and latent stages of disease.

A [ ] state is a stage where active disease processes are occurring but are entirely silent and asymptomatic (not clinically apparent). A [ ] stage is a period of inactivity or dormancy in which symptoms are absent

Define incubation period in infections

The initial phase after exposure where the pathogen replicates rapidly without causing symptoms.

Define Prodromal period in infections

The initial appearance of vague, highly non-specific symptoms (e.g., headache, mild fever, fatigue)

Define convalescence in infections

The recovery phase where the pathogen is progressively cleared and clinical signs subside

Define epidemiology and key population terms (disease case, epidemic, pandemic).

[ ] is the study of the distribution, patterns, causes, and risk factors of diseases in populations.

• An existing or new episode of a specific illness.

• A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a specific population or area.

• An epidemic that spreads widely across continents

• Describe the three primary types of epidemiologic studies.

• Cross-Sectional: Simultaneously collects exposure and outcome data to compare disease prevalence in exposed vs. unexposed groups.

• Case-Control: Compares those with the outcome (cases) to those without (controls) to analyze historical exposure characteristics.

• Cohort: Enrolls and follows a defined, healthy group over time to track the development of specific outcomes

Compare incidence and prevalence.

[ ] is the number of new cases in a population w/in a specified timeframe. [ ] is the measure of existing (new + old) cases in a population at a specific period in time.

Differentiate primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention.

Compare morbidity and mortality.

[ ] describes the long-term functional effects and consequences of a disease on a person's life and quality of life. It also accounts for number of people with a disease within a group. [ ] refers to number of deaths resulting from a particular disease within a group

Define disease therapy, rehabilitation, and prognosis.