Whap 11/8

Astronomical charts

Diagrams of stars and planetary locations, used by navigators during the Age of Exploration to aid in maritime travel.

Audiencias

Spanish colonial courts established to oversee and administer law, often acting as checks on viceroys.

Cartography

The science of making maps, which became crucial during European explorations and global trade expansion.

Cash crop

Crops grown primarily for sale rather than subsistence, such as sugar and tobacco, often central to colonial economies.

Castas

A hierarchical system of race classification in colonial Latin America that organized people by racial ancestry.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and cultures between the Americas and Afro

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors, like Cortés and Pizarro, who led military expeditions and captured vast territories in the Americas.

Creoles (criollos)

People of Spanish descent born in the Americas, often held lesser status than peninsulares but later led independence movements.

Encomiendas

Grants by the Spanish Crown allowing colonists to demand labor or tribute from Indigenous people in exchange for protection.

Galleons

Large Spanish ships used to transport gold, silver, and other goods across the Atlantic, heavily fortified to guard against pirates.

Hacienda system

A system where large estates produced crops or goods using labor from indebted Indigenous or mixed

Indentured servitude

System where people worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage to the Americas, often replaced by slavery.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in Virginia.

Mestizos

People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, making up a significant social class in Latin America.

Mulattoes

People of mixed European and African ancestry, part of the complex social hierarchy in Latin American colonies.

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that became New York City after being taken by the English.

New France

French colony in North America focusing on fur trade and relations with Native Americans.

Northwest Passage

Hypothetical sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through North America sought by European explorers.

Peninsulares

Peninsulares were Spaniards born in Spain who lived in the Spanish colonies in the Americas, the Spanish East Indies, or Spanish Guinea

Primogeniture laws

Laws that required only the eldest son to inherit family wealth, encouraging younger sons to seek fortunes abroad.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 agreement dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line.

Viceroy

Royal governor sent by a European monarch to rule a colony, particularly in the Spanish and Portuguese empires.

Zambos

People of mixed African and Indigenous descent in Latin America, generally with lower social status.

African Diaspora

The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic, leading to widespread African influence in the Americas.

Atlantic Slave Trade system

Transatlantic trading system that forcibly moved Africans to the Americas for labor on plantations.

Asante Empire

West African empire involved in the slave trade and known for its powerful military and wealth from trade.

Barracoons

Temporary enclosures on the African coast where captured Africans were held before being shipped to the Americas.

Candomble

African-Brazilian religion that combines traditional African beliefs with aspects of Catholicism

Capital

Wealth in the form of money or other assets, used in investment for profit in the emerging global economy.

Chattel slavery

A system where enslaved individuals were treated as property to be bought, sold, and owned permanently.

Coercive labor system

Systems, including slavery and indentured servitude, that forced people into labor under harsh conditions.

Commercial Revolution

Period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism from the 16th to 18th centuries.

Dutch East India Company

A powerful Dutch joint

East India Company

English company with trading privileges in India, heavily involved in the region's politics and economy.

Encomenderos

Spanish settlers granted the right to extract labor from Indigenous people under the encomienda system.

Engenhos

Portuguese sugar plantations in Brazil that relied on enslaved labor and were economically central to the colony.

Financial bubbles

Economic cycles where asset prices rapidly increase, then dramatically drop, often due to speculative investment.

Gullah/Geechee

African American communities in the southeastern U.S., preserving African cultural elements in language and customs.

Hispaniola

Caribbean island where Columbus established one of the first European colonies, now Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Joint stock company

Business model that spread financial risk across multiple investors, enabling large colonial ventures.

Limited liability

Legal principle limiting investor responsibility to their financial investment in a company, reducing personal risk.

Mercantilism

Economic policy aimed at accumulating wealth through trade, often by establishing colonies and monopolizing resources.

Middle Passage

The brutal sea journey taken by enslaved Africans to the Americas, part of the triangular trade system.

Mita system

Incan labor system co

Monopoly

Exclusive control over trade or a product, often granted by governments to companies like the British East India Company.

Price revolution

Period of rising prices and inflation in Europe due to the influx of precious metals from the Americas.

Santeria

Afro-Carrabiean

Triangular trade

Trade system connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, including the exchange of slaves, cash crops, and goods.

Virgin of Guadalupe

Symbol of Mexican Catholicism, representing a Marian apparition blending Indigenous and Spanish beliefs.

Vodun

West African religion practiced in Haiti and other Caribbean regions, blending African spirituality and Catholicism.

Ashkenaz Jews

Jewish communities originating from Central and Eastern Europe, often facing persecution and migration.

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates who attacked European ships and captured prisoners for ransom or slavery.

Boyars

Russian nobility with influence and power in feudal Russia, often clashing with czarist centralization efforts.

Cossacks

Cossacks were a semi-nomadic warrior society that originated in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of southern Russia and eastern Ukraine:

Gloucester County Rebellion

1663 uprising of indentured servants in Virginia, one of the earliest known colonial uprisings.

Harem Politics

Influence of women in the Ottoman harem on political matters, especially in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Impressed

Forced recruitment into naval service, notably practiced by the British Navy to bolster its crew.

Maratha Empire

Indian regional power that resisted Mughal and later British dominance, founded in the 17th century.

Maroon Wars

Conflicts between escaped enslaved Africans and British forces in the Caribbean.

Matamba

African kingdom under Queen Nzinga, known for resisting Portuguese colonization and the slave trade.

Metacom Wars

Conflict between New England colonists and Native Americans, also known as King Philip's War.

Mirs

Russian peasant communities responsible for land distribution among their members.

Pequot

Native American tribe involved in early conflict with English settlers in New England.

Pueblo Revolt

1680 Indigenous uprising in New Mexico against Spanish rule, temporarily driving them out.

Pugachev Rebellion

Russian peasant uprising led by Yemelyan Pugachev against Catherine the Great’s rule.

Sephardic Jews

Jewish communities originating from Spain and Portugal, often displaced by the Inquisition.

Steppe

Large grassland region in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, home to nomadic societies.

Atahualpa

Last Incan emperor, captured and killed by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro.

John Cabot

Italian navigator who claimed Newfoundland for England.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who claimed parts of Canada for France and mapped the St. Lawrence River.

Samuel Champlain

French explorer who founded Quebec and established friendly relations with Indigenous peoples.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire.

Bartholomew Diaz

Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southern tip of Africa, opening the route to Asia.

Vasco da Gama

First European to reach India by sea, establishing a direct trade route from Europe.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince who supported early maritime exploration, advancing navigation and mapmaking.

Henry Hudson

English explorer seeking a Northwest Passage, explored parts of North America including the Hudson River.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in Peru.

Akbar the Great

Mughal emperor known for his policies of religious tolerance and cultural integration.

Li Chengdong

Chinese general who served the Qing Dynasty during its conquest of the Ming territories.

Liu Liangzuo

Ming general who surrendered to the Qing, helping consolidate their control in China.

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople in 1453, transforming it into Istanbul.

Ana Nzinga

African queen of Ndongo and Matamba who resisted Portuguese colonialism and allied with the Dutch.

Yemelyan Pugachev

Leader of a major Russian peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great’s rule.

Queen Nanny

Leader of the Jamaican Maroons, remembered for her resistance against British colonization.

Roxelana

Influential wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, known for her political influence in the empire.