Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 Study Notes (copy)

What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal.

What is the basic unit of life?

The cell.

Define Homeostasis.

The condition of equilibrium and balance within the body's internal environment.

What is a Negative-Feedback Control process?

A process that reverses a change in a controlled condition to return the body to homeostasis.

What happens in a Synthesis (Anabolic) reaction?

Building complex molecules from smaller ones.

Describe an Ionic Bond.

Force of attraction holding together oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer.

What are the key building blocks of Proteins?

Amino acids.

What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products through blood.

What type of reaction is Dehydration Synthesis?

Joins molecules by removing a water molecule.

What is the pH scale?

Measures hydrogen ion concentration; neutral pH is 7.0.

Define Organismal Level.

The highest level; any living individual with all body systems operating together.

What is the primary function of the Respiratory system?

Transfers oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide.

What is the term for the fluid environment surrounding body cells?

Internal Environment.

What does the term 'Proximal' refer to?

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk or origin of a structure.

Identify the building block of Nucleic Acids.

Nucleotides.

What type of bond is formed by sharing valence electrons?

Covalent Bond.

What occurs during Hydrolysis?

Cleaves molecules by adding a water molecule.

What is the difference between Organic and Inorganic molecules?

Organic contains carbon-hydrogen bonds; Inorganic lacks carbon-hydrogen bonds.

What is an Exergonic reaction?

Releases energy.

What does the term 'Visceral' mean?

Pertaining to the covering of an organ within a body cavity.

What is the building block of Carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides.

Define Homeostasis with an example.

Equilibrium in the body; e.g., regulation of body temperature.

What does the term 'Lateral' refer to?

Farther from the midline of the body.

What is a Catalyst in a chemical reaction?

A substance that accelerates a reaction by lowering activation energy without being consumed.