AP Human Geography Unit 5

intensive agriculture

less land, more labor, located closer to large pop. centers

types of intensive agriculture

plantation agriculture, mixed crop & livestock, market gardening

plantation agriculture (intensive)

periphery countries, former colonies, tropical climates, cash crops, run by companies in economically developed areas to export to core countries, coffee/sugar/tobacco/tea

mixed crop & livestock (intensive)

economically developed countries, crops are grown to feed livestock (corn/soybeans), livestock is then slaughtered and sent to market

market gardening

areas that have longer growing seasons (southeastern us), fresh fruits/vegetables, migrant labor, frozen/canned/processed then shipped out to market

extensive agriculture

use less labor and capital, require more land, lower yield, grown further away from population

extensive agriculture examples

shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, ranching

shifting cultivation location

tropical climates, latin america, sub-saharan africa, southeast asia

shifting cultivation (extensive)

tropical climates, crops are planting continuously until land loses fertility, land is then left to fallow

nomadic herding location

central/southwest asia, northern africa

nomadic herding (extensive)

land is too dry in area to grow crops, herders move with animals (cattle, sheep, goats)

ranching

located where land isnt ideal for farming, ranchers raise cattle far away from population centers,

long lot

narrow parcel of land that connects to a river/major road

metes and bounds

metes are straight lines that connect different parts of geo area, bounds are key geo features which define an area, used in us east coast cus europeans

township and range

grid pattern, base line, township goes north to south, range goes west to east

fertile crescent

located between euphrates and tigris river

first agricultural/neolithic revolution

fertile crescent, nomadic to sedentary lifestyle, stable population formed, society advanced, wheats/oats/barley

sub-saharan africa diffused

yams, coffee, sorghum

5 agricultural hearths

sub-saharan africa, central america, east asia, southeast asia, fertile crescent

central america diffused

maize, potatoes, squash, peppers

east asia diffused

rice, soybeans

southeast asia diffused

mangos, coconuts

columbian exchange

transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between old and new world

silk road

network of trade routes that connected china + Mediterranean, spread crops, inventions, and agricultural practices

british east india company

traded throughout the world, spread crops/animals/technologies/plants

second agricultural revolution

great britain, coincided with industrial revolution, lead to increased food production cus machinery, better diet, longer life, more people moved to cities + worked in factories

green revolution

gmos, higher yields, pesticides/herbicides/fertilizers, hybrid plants, decline of family farms, animal rights concerns

bid-rent theory

the price of land will decrease the further away you are from the city

mono-cropping

practice of cultivating the same crop every year, risks soil depletion cus no crop rotation

mono-culture

practice of cultivating one crop at a given time

commodity chain

all the different activities/processes that go into producing a product

economies of scale

cost advantages gained by an increased level of production. as countries agree to produce more of a good, the revenue received from selling that good is bound to increase.

von thunnen model assumptions

all land is flat, there is one market, all land has equal access to the market, farmers want to maximize profit, all land has similar site characters

von thunnen rings

market, dairy farming/horticulture, forest, grains/field crops, livestock

commodity dependence

a country which has more than 60% of its total exports made up of just commodities

commercial grain farming (extensive)

crops are grown primarily for human consumption. farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread.