Human Physiology Exam Questions Review

Every question from the previous exams for the final exam.

The literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of

nature

Levels of organization that make up the human body (smallest to largest)

Molecule →Cell →tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

Oxytocin is a hormone released in response to cervical dilation. This causes more uterine that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback does oxytocin trigger?

positive feedback

A study in which a participant act as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called a ___ study.

Crossover

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise affect heart rate. Which is/are an independent variable?

Intensity of exercise

A scientifically logical guess is a ….

hypothesis

You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby.  Which type of graph would be best to display this information?

bar graph

If a scientific model is supported or verified repeatedly by multiple investigators, it may become a….

theory

Individuals with Type I diabetes mellitus do not make enough insulin. Which would be a mechanistic explanation of how insulin is used in the body?

Insulin binds to its receptor which stimulates the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

Which system(s) does NOT exchange material with the internal and external environments?

Circulatory system

Cell membranes are said to be…

selectively permeable barrier

Which is an example of a membranous organelle?

lysosome

Which is NOT a primary tissue type?

osseous tissue

Microvilli are found…

in cells that participate in absorption

The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein hormone. Which organelle would be found in higher levels in the beta cells?

ribosomes

Which is NOT synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

proteins

The definition “less specialized cells that retain the ability to divide” applies to …

stem cells

Nucleoli function in the production of

RNA for ribosomes

The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as…

extracellular fluid.

T or F: Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium

True

The general term that describes energy stored in chemical bonds is

potential energy

An enzyme that transfers phosphates from ATP to a substrate molecule is a…

kinase

In the aerobic metabolism of glucose, ____ acts as the final acceptor of electrons

oxygen

Enzymes increase reaction rate by…

lowering the activation energy of a reaction

A molecule that loses electrons during a reaction is…

oxidized

When an enzyme’s activity is inactivated by heat or a change in pH, the enzyme is said to be

denatured

Which is a key intermediate of glucose catabolism to the citric acid cycle?

Pyruvate

Information stored in the nucleus is translated into…

proteins

Changes in environmental pH or temperature will cause the reaction rate for an enzyme to…

either increase or decrease depending upon enzyme properties

Which body fluid compartment contains high levels of K+, large anions,and proteins?

intracellular fluid

The cell membrane acts as a good…

electrical insulator

What are the two extracellular fluid compartments in the body?

plasma and interstitial fluid

What happens to the oxygen that is metabolized within the mitochondria?

The oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water.

Hyposmotic solutions have…

lower concentrations of solutes tan thyperomostic solutions

Compared to the outside surface, the inside of a resting cell membrane is…

negatively charged

Fick’s law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion across a membrane is proportional to…

concentration gradient, surface area, and membrane permeability.

Permeability is a property of…

membranes

Water will always move from ___ areas to ___ areas, if the membrane is permeable to water.

hypotonic, hypertonic

Which statement about the Na+/K+ pump is FALSE?

It transports Na+ and K+ in a 1:1 ratio.

Facilitated diffusion and active transport differ in that

ATP is necessary for active transport, but not for facilitated diffusion.

The binding of lipophilic messengers, such as steroid hormones, to their receptors triggers

gene transcription

Receptor molecules are located

in the cytosol, the nucleus, the outer cell membrane, and on the cell surface. 

When adenylyl cyclase is activated,

cAMP is formed.

Second messenger molecules directly…

increase intracellular calcium concentration, changes enzyme activity, changes regulation of gene activity, and changes the regulation of ion channels.

An integrating center…

evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the setpoint.

One intracellular calcium-binding protein is…

calmodulin

Homeostatic control that takes place at the tissue or cell by using paracrine or autocrine signals is called…

local control

neurotransmitters and neurohormones both…

are released by neurons and affected only cells with a specific receptor.

Receptor molecules on the surface of a cell

determine that cell’s response and allows a particular ligand to bind

Cells that respond to signals are usually called…

targets

Which is a method of hormone action?

control of electrical signalling pathways; Control of gene expression and protein synthesis; Control of ion or molecule transport across cell membranes; control of enzymatic reaction rates

when stimulated bya particular hormone, there is an increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably…

a peptide

The posterior pituitary gland secretes